Water Supply and Treatment

• Geogenic contamination

- Water resource quality (WRQ)

· Arsenic · Fluoride

- Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic (SORAS)

• Microbial contamination

	- Gravity-Driven Membrane (GDM) filter
	- Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)

• Monitoring and surveillance

Geogenic contamination

Water resource quality (WRQ)

For more publications about WRQ, please consult the WRQ website.

Water and sanitation in developing countries: geochemical aspects of quality and treatment R. B. Johnston, M. Berg, C. A. Johnson, E. Tilley, J.G. Hering (2011) Elements, 7(3)

Developing a framework for the mitigation of geogenic contamination, Tools for the implementation of a sustainable mitigation option R. Johnston, A. Bretzler, H.-J. Mosler, H. Yang, C. A. Johnson (2010) Water and Health Conference, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Arsenic

Arsenic Removal Filters in Bangladesh: A Technical and Social Assessment S. Hanchett, R. Johnston, M. H. Khan (2011) Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy, UNC, Chapel Hill.

The socio-economics of arsenic removal R. B. Johnston, S. Hanchett, M. H. Khan (2010) Nature Geoscience, 3(1), 2-3.

Subsurface iron and arsenic removal: low-cost technology for community-based water supply in Bangladesh D. Van Halem, S. G. J. Heijman, R. Johnston, S. M. I. Huq, S. K. Ghosh, J. Q. J. C. Verberk, G. Amy, J. C. Van Dijk, J. C. (2010) Water Science and Technology, 62(11), 2702-2709.

Fluoride

Microbial quality of drinking water in rural Kenyan and Ethiopian households - impacts of defluoridation filters R. Künzle, N. Küng, R. Johnston (2011) Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy, UNC, Chapel Hill.

Measuring use of household drinking water filters: field experiences from Ethiopia R. B. Johnston, T. Edosa, L. Osterwalder (2011) 35th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK.

Household drinking water in rural Ethiopia - impact of defluoridation filters on microbial drinking water quality in the Rift Valley N. Küng (2011) MSc Thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich.

Household drinking-water quality in the Kenyan Rift Valley R. Künzle (2011) MSc Thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich.

Introducing Fluoride Removal Filters to Ethiopia C. A. Johnson, L. Osterwalder, F. Zewge, R. Rohner, P. M. Mutheki, S. Esayas (2011) Sandec News No 12, 10.

CDN's experiences in producing bone char Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality, K. Müller (2007) Bone char is an effective filter material for removing excess fluoride. Although the use might be simple, production of high quality bone char requires a great deal of practical experience. This document shows the bone char production developed by the Catholic Diocese of Nakuru (CDN).

CDN's defluoridation experiences on a community scale Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality, K. Müller (2007) CDN developed different types of community filters that can either be connected to a water supply system or implemented in remote areas. This document shows different designs of community filters, discusses its advantages/disadvantages and presents the results of a field evaluation.

CDN's experiences in integrating social aspects in fluorosis mitigation Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality, K. Müller (2007) Soft issues such as awareness creation and appropriate training of the communities are an important part of any kind of implementation project. This document presents CDN’s activities on awareness creation and training related to fluoride issues.

CDN's defluoridation experiences on a household scale Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality, K. Müller (2006) CDN developed two different types of household filters, suitable for point-of-use water treatment. This document shows operation/maintenance of the household filters, discusses its advantages/disadvantages and presents the results of a field evaluation.

Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic (SORAS)

SORAS - a simple arsenic removal process M. Wegelin, D. Gechter et al. (1999) SORAS (Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic in Drinking Water) is a simple water treatment method that uses sunlight and plastic bottles to reduce arsenic levels in drinking water. The process is based on photochemical oxidation of As(III) followed by precipitation or filtration of As(V) adsorbed on Fe(III)oxides. Groundwater polluted by arsenic often contains also iron as Fe(II) or Fe(III) used for the removal of arsenic. In such situations, SORAS reduces arsenic contents to approx. 50 – 80 %. The water treatment method is used at household level to treat small quantities of drinking water at virtually no cost.

Microbial contamination

Gravity-Driven Membrane (GDM) filter

For more publications about GDM technology, please consult the GDM website.

User Perceptions and Willingness to Pay for Gravity Driven Membrane Technology R. Brouwer, F. C. Job, R.B. Johnston, B. v. d. Kroon  (2012) Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy, UNC, Chapel Hill.

Optimization of Design to Enhance Flux and Performance of Gravity Driven Membrane Filters for Household Water Treatment: A field Study in Kenya K. Kazior, H. Horn, R. B. Johnston, M. Peter-Varbanets, S. Derksen-Müller (2012) Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy, UNC, Chapel Hill.

Gravity Driven Membrane Disinfection - a novel household water treatment system M. Peter-Varbanets, R. Johnston, F. Kage, R. Meierhofer, S. Müller, W. Pronk (2011) Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy, UNC, Chapel Hill.

Gravity Driven Membrane Disinfection for household drinking water treatment M. Peter-Varbanets, R. Johnston, R. Meierhofer, F. Kage, S. Müller, W. Pronk (2011) 35th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK.

GDM Technology for Household Water Disinfection M. Peter-Varbanets, R. Johnston, R. Meierhofer, W. Pronk (2011) Sandec News No 12, 5.

End user Perception and Willingness-to-Pay for Gravity Driven Membrane Disinfection in Nakuru, Kenya F. C. Job  (2012) MSc Thesis, UNESCO-IHE, Delft.

Microbial regrowth in drinking water treated with gravity-driven ultrafiltration S. Perron (2011) MSc Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala.

Mechanisms of membrane fouling during ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration M. Peter-Varbanets, J. Margot, J. Traber, W. Pronk (2011) Journal of Membrane Science, 377(1-2), 42-53.

Stabilization of flux during dead-end ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration M. Peter-Varbanets, F. Hammes, M. Vital, W. Pronk (2010) Water Research, 44(12), 3607-3616.

Ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration for decentralized drinking water treatment M. Peter (2010) PhD Thesis, ETH, Zurich.

Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology M. Peter-Varbanets, C. Zurbrugg, C. Swartz, W. Pronk (2009) Water Research, 43(2), 245-265.

Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)

For more publications about the SODIS method, please consult the SODIS website.

Achieving long-term use of solar water disinfection in Zimbabwe H.-J. Mosler, S. M. Kraemer, R. B. Johnston (Accepted) Public Health

Monitoring and surveillance

Arsenic in tube well water in Bangladesh: health and economic impacts and implications for arsenic mitigation S. V. Flanagan, R. B. Johnston, Y. Zheng (2012) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90, 839-846.

Bangladesh National Drinking Water Quality Survey of 2009 UNICEF/BBS (2011) UNICEF/Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Chemical quality of household water in Bangladesh - experiences from a national survey R. Johnston, M. Hua, S. A. I. Hakim, M. Rahman, Y. Zheng (2011) Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy, UNC, Chapel Hill.

Measuring Household Filter Use R. Johnston, L. Osterwalder, T. Edosa (2011) Sandec News No 12, 4.

Monitoring impacts of WASH interventions: The case of SHEWA-B R. B. Johnston, A. K. Halder, T. Md. N. Huda, S. Akhter, Amanullah-al-mahmood, Md. R. Huque 3, A. TweneboaKodua, C. Tronchet, S. P. Luby (2009) 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Arsenic mitigation in Bangladesh: National screening data and case studies in three upazilas R. Johnston, M. Sarker (2007) Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 42(12), 1889-1896.

Usefulness of the hydrogen sulfide test for assessment of water quality in Bangladesh S. K. Gupta, M. A. Sheikh, M. S. Islam, K. S. Rahman, N. Jahan, M. M. Rahman, R. M. Hoekstra, R. Johnston, P.K. Ram, S. Luby (2007) Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104, 388-395.