Department Environmental Chemistry

CyanoBloom

Why do toxic cyanobacteria bloom? A gene to ecosystem approach.

This project aims to understand the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms triggering harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs) in lake ecosystems, and develop predictive models. We propose a synchronised and synergistic research effort by an interdisciplinary team of experts in ecology, microbiology, environmental chemistry, and dynamical systems theory, to address several central questions about the mechanisms triggering cyanoHABs. We integrate a suite of field observations, experiments, and models (data-driven and mechanistic) to capture the temporal and biological scales of processes leading to the emergence of cyanoHABs. We focus on the interaction between physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms, and the relative costs and benefits that cyanoHAB taxa have from producing non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) in a community context and over natural environmental gradients.

More information and updates on: www.cyanobloom.ch


Reserach Groups involved:

Elisabeth Janssen: Environmental Chemistry of Biomolecules

David Johnson: Synthetic Microbial Biology

Rudolf Rohr: Theoretical Ecology and Evolution 

Francesco Pomati: Plankton Ecology

External collaborators

Dr. Rodolf Rohr (UniFr)
Dr. Phoung Nguyen (UniFr)

 

Other collaborators

Olga Schubert, Eawag, Dept. Umik

Publications

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   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=36056, pid=124)
      originalId => protected36056 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ntetsika, P.; Stauffer, S.; Eyring, S.; Reyes, M.; Wang,
          X.; Janssen, E. M. L.; Pomati, F.
' (135 chars) title => protected'Zooplankton feeding behaviour and survival to toxic and non-toxic cyanobacte
         ria during the seasonal bloom progression of a eutrophic lake
' (137 chars) journal => protected'Harmful Algae' (13 chars) year => protected2026 (integer) volume => protected154 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'103045 (13 pp.)' (15 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'cyanobacterial blooms; zooplankton grazing; feeding behaviour; fitness; micr
         ocystins; temperature effects; bioactive metabolites
' (128 chars) description => protected'Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose increasing threats to aquatic ecosystems
         and human health; yet, the role of zooplankton grazing in regulating blooms
         remains understudied. We investigated the seasonal feeding behaviour and fit
         ness consequences of feeding preferences in natural zooplankton communities
         for toxic (microcystin-producing) versus non-toxic cyanobacteria across temp
         erature gradients in eutrophic Lake Greifen, Switzerland. We conducted month
         ly experiments from April to October 2023 to test the grazing behaviour of f
         our zooplankton groups (daphnids, calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, and
          microzooplankton) exposed to mixed diets of green algae and either toxic or
          non-toxic <em>Microcystis</em> strains at 15 °C and 25 °C.<br />Contrary
         to expectations of cyanobacteria avoidance, zooplankton exhibited predominan
         tly non-selective grazing throughout the seasonal succession, consuming both
          toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria at similar rates, regardless of temperatu
         re. Notably, during the peaks of phytoplankton abundance (April and Septembe
         r), mesozooplankton demonstrated a selective preference for cyanobacteria ov
         er green algae, particularly non-toxic strains. Temperature effects were sub
         tle but revealed metabolic constraints: elevated temperatures occasionally t
         riggered selective consumption of cyanobacteria in copepods, while fitness c
         osts (survival) from exposure to toxic species were mostly restricted to tra
         nsitional bloom periods and high-temperature conditions.<br />These findings
          suggest that toxic cyanobacteria may not always evade grazing pressure thro
         ugh secondary metabolite deterrent effects. Our results suggest that zooplan
         kton communities can adapt and graze on cyanobacteria regardless of toxicity
          under the tested conditions, even during bloom conditions. These observatio
         ns highlight the potential for zooplankton to interact with cyanobacterial p
         opulations, which may have implications for bloom prediction and management
         strategies, particularly...
' (2033 chars) serialnumber => protected'1568-9883' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1016/j.hal.2025.103045' (25 chars) uid => protected36056 (integer) _localizedUid => protected36056 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected36056 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=33988, pid=124) originalId => protected33988 (integer) authors => protected'Eyring,&nbsp;S.; Merz,&nbsp;E.; Reyes,&nbsp;M.; Ntetsika,&nbsp;P.; Dennis,&n
         bsp;S.&nbsp;R.; Isles,&nbsp;P.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;F.; Kyathanahally,&nbsp;S.; Bait
         y-Jesi,&nbsp;M.; To,&nbsp;S.-W.; Merico,&nbsp;A.; Pomati,&nbsp;F.
' (217 chars) title => protected'Distinct phytoplankton size classes respond differently to biotic and abioti
         c factors
' (85 chars) journal => protected'ISME Communications' (19 chars) year => protected2025 (integer) volume => protected5 (integer) issue => protected'1' (1 chars) startpage => protected'ycae148 (11 pp.)' (16 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'community dynamics; traits; in-situ imaging; machine learning; plankton; gro
         wth rate
' (84 chars) description => protected'The interplay between abiotic (resource supply, temperature) and biotic (gra
         zing) factors determines growth and loss processes in phytoplankton through
         resource competition and trophic interactions, which are mediated by morphol
         ogical traits like size. Here, we study the relative importance of grazers,
         water physics, and chemistry on the daily net accumulation rates (ARs) of in
         dividual phytoplankton from natural communities, grouped into six size class
         es from circa 10 to 500 μm. Using a Random Forest modelling approach and 4
          years of daily data from a lake, we find that water temperature is generall
         y a pivotal control of all phytoplankton ARs. At the same time, nutrients an
         d light are important for the smallest and the largest classes. Mesozooplank
         ton abundance is a key predictor of the AR for small phytoplankton, with mic
         rozooplankton being important for the middle-size range. In our data, large
         and small phytoplankton have different (seasonal) blooming patterns: small f
         orms are favoured by low temperature and grazing, and high phosphorus levels
         . Larger forms show positive ARs at high temperatures and low phosphorus (be
         ing relatively insensitive to zooplankton grazing). These results help us un
         derstand the opportunities and limitations of using size to explain and mode
         l phytoplankton responses to biotic and abiotic environmental change.
' (1361 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.1093/ismeco/ycae148' (22 chars) uid => protected33988 (integer) _localizedUid => protected33988 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected33988 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=34638, pid=124) originalId => protected34638 (integer) authors => protected'Eyring,&nbsp;S.; Reyes,&nbsp;M.; Merz,&nbsp;E.; Baity-Jesi,&nbsp;M.; Ntetsik
         a,&nbsp;P.; Ebi,&nbsp;C.; Dennis,&nbsp;S.; Pomati,&nbsp;F.
' (134 chars) title => protected'Five years of high-frequency data of phytoplankton zooplankton and limnology
          from a temperate eutrophic lake
' (108 chars) journal => protected'Scientific Data' (15 chars) year => protected2025 (integer) volume => protected12 (integer) issue => protected'1' (1 chars) startpage => protected'653 (13 pp.)' (12 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'This study presents a comprehensive dataset from Lake Greifen, Switzerland,
         collected between April 2018 and June 2023, using high-frequency automated m
         onitoring systems. The dataset integrates meteorological data, nutrient chem
         istry, water column profiles for water physics, and plankton underwater imag
         ing, offering insights into the lake's physical and biological processes. A
         dual-magnification dark field underwater microscope captured hourly plankton
          dynamics at 3 m depth, providing size, shape, and taxonomic information.
         A profiler with a multiparametric probe monitored water temperature, oxygen,
          and other key parameters from 1 to 17 m depth, while weekly nutrient samp
         ling complemented the measurements. Data processing involved rigorous cleani
         ng protocols to remove technical artefacts, ensuring data quality. Our datas
         et showcases the utility of integrating different approaches for high-freque
         ncy monitoring to detect lake temporal processes, from phytoplankton blooms
         to zooplankton vertical migration and seasonal shifts in water column stabil
         ity. This dataset provides a unique resource for studying limnology and plan
         kton community ecology. All data and related processing codes are publicly a
         vailable for further research, supporting interdisciplinary studies.
' (1284 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/s41597-025-04988-9' (26 chars) uid => protected34638 (integer) _localizedUid => protected34638 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected34638 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=35348, pid=124) originalId => protected35348 (integer) authors => protected'Wang,&nbsp;X.; Ingold,&nbsp;A.; Janssen,&nbsp;E.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;-L.' (65 chars) title => protected'Biotransformation dynamics and products of cyanobacterial secondary metaboli
         tes in surface waters
' (97 chars) journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars) year => protected2025 (integer) volume => protected59 (integer) issue => protected'38' (2 chars) startpage => protected'20726' (5 chars) otherpage => protected'20737' (5 chars) categories => protected'microcystins; anabaenopeptins; transformation products; reaction pathways; h
         armful bloom
' (88 chars) description => protected'Cyanobacteria produce toxic and bioactive secondary metabolites, posing risk
         s to ecosystems and human health, yet their transformation pathways in surfa
         ce waters remain unclear. We assessed biotransformation for 40 cyanopeptides
          including microcystins, anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins in surface water
         s and <em>in situ</em> enriched biofilm suspensions. In surface waters, most
          cyanopeptides did not degrade significantly over the course of 7 days. A wi
         de range of biodegradability across cyanopeptides was apparent in biofilm su
         spensions from three rivers. Increasing the biofilm density shortened the la
         g time and increased initial removal of cyanopeptides. Increasing the initia
         l cyanopeptide concentration lengthened the lag time and decreased their ini
         tial removal, supporting inhibitory effects of cyanopeptides toward enzymes
         involved in their own transformation. Transformation kinetics and product an
         alysis demonstrated a structure–reactivity relationship across and within
         cyanopeptide classes. Anabaenopeptins were hydrolyzed at the C-terminus when
          arginine, tyrosine and (iso)leucine were present, but not when phenylalanin
         e or tryptophan was present. Microcystins showed tetrapeptide formation when
          adda linked to arginine but not when it linked to alanine, leucine, or tyro
         sine. Oxidation of tyrosine and deamination of arginine residues showed an i
         nterdependence across cyanopeptide classes. These novel insights into biotra
         nsformation products and pathways of a wide range of cyanopeptides facilitat
         e assessment of exposure scenarios in surface waters and inform about kineti
         cs and product formation in biological water treatment.
' (1651 chars) serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1021/acs.est.5c09247' (23 chars) uid => protected35348 (integer) _localizedUid => protected35348 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected35348 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=35086, pid=124) originalId => protected35086 (integer) authors => protected'Nguyen,&nbsp;P.&nbsp;L.; Pomati,&nbsp;F.; Rohr,&nbsp;R.&nbsp;P.' (63 chars) title => protected'Inferring coexistence likelihood in changing environments from ecological ti
         me series
' (85 chars) journal => protected'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Amer
         ica PNAS
' (84 chars) year => protected2025 (integer) volume => protected122 (integer) issue => protected'28' (2 chars) startpage => protected'e2417905122 (8 pp.)' (19 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'Lotka–Volterra map; intrinsic growth rate; per capita interaction strength
         ; time-series data; coexistence metrics
' (115 chars) description => protected'Inferring coexistence metrics, such as niche and fitness differences, in cha
         nging environments is key for understanding the mechanism behind species coe
         xistence and predicting its likelihood. However, it first requires estimatin
         g the per capita interactions between organisms and their intrinsic growth r
         ates-parameters that are typically measured by isolating organisms from thei
         r natural context. Here, we first use weighted multivariate regression on th
         e per capita growth rates of populations to estimate these key ecological pa
         rameters directly from time-series data of species-rich communities. Second,
          we infer niche differences and species resistance, which are two important
         metrics for understanding species coexistence. Our approach allows these met
         rics to vary over time and under different environmental conditions. We vali
         date our approach using synthetic data and apply it to both experimental and
          observational data as a proof of concept. Experimental results show an expe
         cted allocative trade-off between grazing resistance and rapid growth in alg
         ae. Moreover, coexistence likelihood decreases, and coexistence balance is d
         isturbed under stressful environmental conditions. Observational data sugges
         ts variations in intrinsic growth rates and per capita interactions among au
         totrophic guilds with respect to seasonal patterns. In addition, interaction
         s between cyanobacteria with green algae and chrysophytes might indicate a p
         otential cause for bloom development. Our approach offers a powerful toolbox
          to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying ecological dynamics, species
          coexistence, and community structures under varying environments. Such an u
         nderstanding will help us address important ecological and evolutionary ques
         tions, such as explaining biodiversity patterns and solving the problem of c
         yanobacteria bloom.
' (1843 chars) serialnumber => protected'0027-8424' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1073/pnas.2417905122' (23 chars) uid => protected35086 (integer) _localizedUid => protected35086 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected35086 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
5 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=33271, pid=124) originalId => protected33271 (integer) authors => protected'Wang,&nbsp;X.; Wullschleger,&nbsp;S.; Jones,&nbsp;M.; Reyes,&nbsp;M.; Bossar
         t,&nbsp;R.; Pomati,&nbsp;F.; Janssen,&nbsp;E.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;-L.
' (138 chars) title => protected'Tracking extensive portfolio of cyanotoxins in five-year lake survey and ide
         ntifying indicator metabolites of cyanobacterial taxa
' (129 chars) journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars) year => protected2024 (integer) volume => protected58 (integer) issue => protected'37' (2 chars) startpage => protected'16560' (5 chars) otherpage => protected'16569' (5 chars) categories => protected'microcystin; suspect screening; monitoring; cyanopepetides; harmful algal bl
         oom
' (79 chars) description => protected'Cyanobacterial blooms require monitoring, as they pose a threat to ecosystem
         s and human health, especially by the release of toxins. Along with widely r
         eported microcystins, cyanobacteria coproduce other bioactive metabolites; h
         owever, information about their dynamics in surface waters is sparse. We inv
         estigated dynamics across full bloom successions throughout a five-year lake
          monitoring campaign (Greifensee, Switzerland) spanning 150 sampling dates.
         We conducted extensive suspect screening of cyanobacterial metabolites using
          the database CyanoMetDB. Across all 850 samples, 35 metabolites regularly c
         o-occurred. Microcystins were present in 70% of samples, with [d-Asp<sup>3</
         sup>,(<em>E</em>)-Dhb<sup>7</sup>]MC-RR reaching concentrations of 70 ng/L.
         Anabaenopeptins, meanwhile, were detected in 95% of all samples with concent
         rations of Oscillamide Y up to 100-fold higher than microcystins. Based on L
         C-MS response and frequency, we identified indicator metabolites exclusively
          produced by one of three cyanobacteria isolated from the lake, these being
         [d-Asp<sup>3</sup>,(<em>E</em>)-Dhb<sup>7</sup>]MC-RR from <em>Planktothrix<
         /em> sp. G2020, Microginin 761B from <em>Microcystis</em> sp. G2011, and Fer
         intoic acid B from <em>Microcystis</em> sp. G2020. These indicators showed d
         istinct temporal trends and peaking seasons that reflect the variance in eit
         her the abundance of the producing cyanobacteria or their toxin production d
         ynamics. Our approach demonstrates that selecting high LC-MS response and fr
         equent and species-specific indicator metabolites can be advantageous for cy
         anobacterial monitoring.
' (1620 chars) serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1021/acs.est.4c04813' (23 chars) uid => protected33271 (integer) _localizedUid => protected33271 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected33271 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
Ntetsika, P.; Stauffer, S.; Eyring, S.; Reyes, M.; Wang, X.; Janssen, E. M. L.; Pomati, F. (2026) Zooplankton feeding behaviour and survival to toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria during the seasonal bloom progression of a eutrophic lake, Harmful Algae, 154, 103045 (13 pp.), doi:10.1016/j.hal.2025.103045, Institutional Repository
Eyring, S.; Merz, E.; Reyes, M.; Ntetsika, P.; Dennis, S. R.; Isles, P. D. F.; Kyathanahally, S.; Baity-Jesi, M.; To, S.-W.; Merico, A.; Pomati, F. (2025) Distinct phytoplankton size classes respond differently to biotic and abiotic factors, ISME Communications, 5(1), ycae148 (11 pp.), doi:10.1093/ismeco/ycae148, Institutional Repository
Eyring, S.; Reyes, M.; Merz, E.; Baity-Jesi, M.; Ntetsika, P.; Ebi, C.; Dennis, S.; Pomati, F. (2025) Five years of high-frequency data of phytoplankton zooplankton and limnology from a temperate eutrophic lake, Scientific Data, 12(1), 653 (13 pp.), doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04988-9, Institutional Repository
Wang, X.; Ingold, A.; Janssen, E. M. -L. (2025) Biotransformation dynamics and products of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites in surface waters, Environmental Science and Technology, 59(38), 20726-20737, doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c09247, Institutional Repository
Nguyen, P. L.; Pomati, F.; Rohr, R. P. (2025) Inferring coexistence likelihood in changing environments from ecological time series, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America PNAS, 122(28), e2417905122 (8 pp.), doi:10.1073/pnas.2417905122, Institutional Repository
Wang, X.; Wullschleger, S.; Jones, M.; Reyes, M.; Bossart, R.; Pomati, F.; Janssen, E. M. -L. (2024) Tracking extensive portfolio of cyanotoxins in five-year lake survey and identifying indicator metabolites of cyanobacterial taxa, Environmental Science and Technology, 58(37), 16560-16569, doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c04813, Institutional Repository