Abteilung Umweltchemie

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array(9 items)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10607, pid=124)
      originalId => protected10607 (integer)
      authors => protected'Kuroda, K.; Itten, R.; Kovalova, L.; Ort, C.; Weissbrodt
         , D. G.; McArdell, C. S.' (120 chars)
      title => protected'Hospital-use pharmaceuticals in Swiss waters modeled at high spatial resolut
         ion' (79 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected50 (integer)
      issue => protected'9' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'4742' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'4751' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'A model to predict the mass flows and concentrations of pharmaceuticals pred
         ominantly used in hospitals across a large number of sewage treatment plant 
         (STP) effluents and river waters was developed at high spatial resolution. I
         t comprised 427 geo-referenced hospitals and 742 STPs serving 98% of the gen
         eral population in Switzerland. In the modeled base scenario, <I>domestic</I
         >, pharmaceutical use was geographically distributed according to the popula
         tion size served by the respective STPs. Distinct <I>hospital</I> scenarios 
         were set up to evaluate how the predicted results were modified when pharmac
         eutical use in hospitals was allocated differently; for example, in proporti
         on to number of beds or number of treatments in hospitals. The <I>hospital</
         I> scenarios predicted the mass flows and concentrations up to 3.9 times gre
         ater than in the <I>domestic</I> scenario for iodinated X-ray contrast media
          (ICM) used in computed tomography (CT), and up to 6.7 times greater for gad
         olinium, a contrast medium used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Field m
         easurements showed that ICM and gadolinium were predicted best by the scenar
         ios using number of beds or treatments in hospitals with the specific facili
         ties (i.e., CT and/or MRI). Pharmaceuticals used both in hospitals and by th
         e general population (e.g., cyclophosphamide, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepin
         e, diclofenac) were predicted best by the scenario using the number of beds 
         in all hospitals, but the deviation from the <I>domestic</I> scenario values
          was only small. Our study demonstrated that the bed number-based <I>hospita
         l</I> scenarios were effective in predicting the geographical distribution o
         f a diverse range of pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and rivers, while the 
         <I>domestic</I> scenario was similarly effective on the scale of large river
         -catchments.' (1836 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/acs.est.6b00653' (23 chars)
      uid => protected10607 (integer)
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   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=7710, pid=124)
      originalId => protected7710 (integer)
      authors => protected'Lee,&nbsp;Y.; Kovalova,&nbsp;L.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; von Gunten,&nbsp
         ;U.' (79 chars)
      title => protected'Prediction of micropollutant elimination during ozonation of a hospital wast
         ewater effluent' (91 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2014 (integer)
      volume => protected64 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'134' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'148' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'ozonation; advanced oxidation process; micropollutant; pharmaceutical; hospi
         tal wastewater; QSAR' (96 chars)
      description => protected'Determining optimal ozone doses for organic micropollutant elimination durin
         g wastewater ozonation is challenged by the presence of a large number of st
         ructurally diverse micropollutants for varying wastewater matrice compositio
         ns. A chemical kinetics approach based on ozone and hydroxyl radical (<B>·<
         /B>OH) rate constant and measurements of ozone and <B>·</B>OH exposures is 
         proposed to predict the micropollutant elimination efficiency. To further te
         st and validate the chemical kinetics approach, the elimination efficiency o
         f 25 micropollutants present in a hospital wastewater effluent from a pilot-
         scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) were determined at pH 7.0 and 8.5 in bench-s
         cale experiments with ozone alone and ozone combined with H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB
         >2</SUB> as a function of DOC-normalized specific ozone doses (gO<SUB>3</SUB
         >/gDOC). Furthermore, ozone and <B>·</B>OH exposures, <B>·</B>OH yields, a
         nd <B>·</B>OH consumption rates were determined. Consistent eliminations as
          a function of gO<SUB>3</SUB>/gDOC were observed for micropollutants with si
         milar ozone and OH rate constants. They could be classified into five groups
          having characteristic elimination patterns. By increasing the pH from 7.0 t
         o 8.5, the elimination levels increased for the amine-containing micropollut
         ants due to the increased apparent second-order ozone rate constants while d
         ecreased for most micropollutants due to the diminished ozone or <B>·</B>OH
          exposures. Increased <B>·</B>OH quenching by effluent organic matter and c
         arbonate with increasing pH was responsible for the lower <B>·</B>OH exposu
         res. Upon H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> addition, the elimination levels of the
          micropollutants slightly increased at pH 7 (<8%) while decreased considerab
         ly at pH 8.5 (up to 31%). The elimination efficiencies of the selected micro
         pollutants could be predicted based on their ozone and <B>·</B>OH rate cons
         
         ' (2501 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.027' (28 chars)
      uid => protected7710 (integer)
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      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=7331, pid=124)
      originalId => protected7331 (integer)
      authors => protected'Kovalova,&nbsp;L.; Siegrist,&nbsp;H.; von Gunten,&nbsp;U.; Eugster,&nbsp;J.;
          Hagenbuch,&nbsp;M.; Wittmer,&nbsp;A.; Moser,&nbsp;R.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbs
         p;S.' (156 chars)
      title => protected'Elimination of micropollutants during post-treatment of hospital wastewater 
         with powdered activated carbon, ozone, and UV' (121 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2013 (integer)
      volume => protected47 (integer)
      issue => protected'14' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'7899' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'7908' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'A pilot-scale hospital wastewater treatment plant consisting of a primary cl
         arifier, membrane bioreactor, and five post-treatment technologies including
          ozone (O<SUB>3</SUB>), O<SUB>3</SUB>/H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>, powdered a
         ctivated carbon (PAC), and low pressure UV light with and without TiO<SUB>2<
         /SUB> was operated to test the elimination efficiencies for 56 micropollutan
         ts. The extent of the elimination of the selected micropollutants (pharmaceu
         ticals, metabolites and industrial chemicals) was successfully correlated to
          physical-chemical properties or molecular structure. By mass loading, 95% o
         f all measured micropollutants in the biologically treated hospital wastewat
         er feeding the post-treatments consisted of iodinated contrast media (ICM). 
         The elimination of ICM by the tested post-treatment technologies was 50–65
         % when using 1.08 g O<SUB>3</SUB>/gDOC, 23 mg/L PAC, or a UV dose of 2400 J/
         m<SUP>2</SUP> (254 nm). For the total load of analyzed pharmaceuticals and m
         etabolites excluding ICM the elimination by ozonation, PAC, and UV at the sa
         me conditions was 90%, 86%, and 33%, respectively. Thus, the majority of ana
         lyzed substances can be efficiently eliminated by ozonation (which also prov
         ides disinfection) or PAC (which provides micropollutants removal, not only 
         transformation). Some micropollutants recalcitrant to those two post-treatme
         nts, such as the ICM diatrizoate, can be substantially removed only by high 
         doses of UV (96% at 7200 J/m<SUP>2</SUP>). The tested combined treatments (O
         <SUB>3</SUB>/H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> and UV/TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) did not impr
         ove the elimination compared to the single treatments (O<SUB>3</SUB> and UV)
         .' (1673 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es400708w' (17 chars)
      uid => protected7331 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected7331 (integer)modified
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      pid => protected124 (integer)
   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6884, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6884 (integer)
      authors => protected'Kovalova,&nbsp;L.; Siegrist,&nbsp;H.; Singer,&nbsp;H.; Wittmer,&nbsp;A.; McA
         rdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.' (98 chars)
      title => protected'Hospital wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor: performance and effici
         ency for organic micropollutant elimination' (119 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2012 (integer)
      volume => protected46 (integer)
      issue => protected'3' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'1536' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'1545' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'A pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was installed and operated for one y
         
         
         mination in raw hospital wastewater that comprises a complex matrix with mic
         ropollutant concentrations ranging from low ng/L to low mg/L, an automated o
         nline SPE-HPLC-MS/MS analytical method was developed. Among the 68 target an
         alytes were the following: 56 pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, antimycotics, an
         tivirals, iodinated X-ray contrast media, antiinflamatory, cytostatics, diur
         etics, beta blockers, anesthetics, analgesics, antiepileptics, antidepressan
         ts, and others), 10 metabolites, and 2 corrosion inhibitors. The MBR influen
         t contained the majority of those target analytes. The micropollutant elimin
         ation efficiency was assessed through continuous flow-proportional sampling 
         of the MBR influent and continuous time-proportional sampling of the MBR eff
         luent. An overall load elimination of all pharmaceuticals and metabolites in
          the MBR was 22%, as over 80% of the load was due to persistent iodinated co
         ntrast media. No inhibition by antibacterial agents or disinfectants from th
         e hospital was observed in the MBR. The hospital wastewater was found to be 
         a dynamic system in which conjugates of pharmaceuticals deconjugate and biol
         ogical transformation products are formed, which in some cases are pharmaceu
         ticals themselves.' (1462 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es203495d' (17 chars)
      uid => protected6884 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6884 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected6884 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6652, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6652 (integer)
      authors => protected'Lienert,&nbsp;J.; Koller,&nbsp;M.; Konrad,&nbsp;J.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S
         .; Schuwirth,&nbsp;N.' (97 chars)
      title => protected'Multiple-criteria decision analysis reveals high stakeholder preference to r
         emove pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater' (122 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2011 (integer)
      volume => protected45 (integer)
      issue => protected'9' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'3848' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'3857' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Point-source measures have been suggested to decrease pharmaceuticals in wat
         er bodies. We analyzed 68 and 50 alternatives, respectively, for a typical S
         wiss general and psychiatric hospital to decrease pharmaceutical discharge. 
         Technical alternatives included reverse osmosis, ozonation, and activated ca
         rbon; organizational alternatives included urine separation. To handle this 
         complex decision, we used Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and com
         bined expert predictions (e.g., costs, pharmaceutical mass flows, ecotoxicol
         ogical risk, pathogen removal) with subjective preference-valuations from 26
          stakeholders (authorities, hospital-internal actors, experts). The general 
         hospital contributed ca. 38% to the total pharmaceutical load at the wastewa
         ter treatment plant, the psychiatry contributed 5%. For the general hospital
         , alternatives removing all pharmaceuticals (especially reverse osmosis, or 
         vacuum-toilets and incineration), performed systematically better than the s
         tatus quo or urine separation, despite higher costs. They now require closer
          scrutiny. To remove X-ray contrast agents, introducing roadbags is promisin
         g. For the psychiatry with a lower pharmaceutical load, costs were more crit
         ical. Stakeholder feedback concerning MCDA was very positive, especially bec
         ause the results were robust across different stakeholder-types. Our MCDA re
         sults provide insight into an important water protection issue: implementing
          measures to decrease pharmaceuticals will likely meet acceptance. Hospital 
         point-sources merit consideration if the trade-off between costs and pharmac
         eutical removal is reasonable.' (1626 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es1031294' (17 chars)
      uid => protected6652 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6652 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6652 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   5 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6474, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6474 (integer)
      authors => protected'Escher,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;I.; Baumgartner,&nbsp;R.; Koller,&nbsp;M.; Treyer,&nbsp
         ;K.; Lienert,&nbsp;J.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.' (124 chars)
      title => protected'Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospita
         l wastewater' (88 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2011 (integer)
      volume => protected45 (integer)
      issue => protected'1' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'75' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'92' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'pharmaceuticals; quantitative structure-activity relationship; predicted no-
         effect concentration; risk quotient; elimination; source separation; wastewa
         ter; hospital' (165 chars)
      description => protected'In this paper, we evaluated the ecotoxicological potential of the 100 pharma
         ceuticals expected to occur in highest quantities in the wastewater of a gen
         eral hospital and a psychiatric center in Switzerland. We related the toxici
         ty data to predicted concentrations in different wastewater streams to asses
         s the overall risk potential for different scenarios, including conventional
          biological pretreatment in the hospital and urine source separation. The co
         ncentrations in wastewater were estimated with pharmaceutical usage informat
         ion provided by the hospitals and literature data on human excretion into fe
         ces and urine. Environmental concentrations in the effluents of the exposure
          scenarios were predicted by estimating dilution in sewers and with literatu
         re data on elimination during wastewater treatment. Effect assessment was pe
         rformed using quantitative structure-activity relationships because experime
         ntal ecotoxicity data were only available for less than 20% of the 100 pharm
         aceuticals with expected highest loads. As many pharmaceuticals are acids or
          bases, a correction for the speciation was implemented in the toxicity pred
         iction model.<BR/>The lists of Top-100 pharmaceuticals were distinctly diffe
         rent between the two hospital types with only 37 pharmaceuticals overlapping
          in both datasets. 31 Pharmaceuticals in the general hospital and 42 pharmac
         euticals in the psychiatric center had a risk quotient above 0.01 and thus c
         ontributed to the mixture risk quotient. However, together they constituted 
         only 14% (hospital) and 30% (psychiatry) of the load of pharmaceuticals. Hen
         ce, medical consumption data alone are insufficient predictors of environmen
         tal risk. The risk quotients were dominated by amiodarone, ritonavir, clotri
         mazole, and diclofenac. Only diclofenac is well researched in ecotoxicology,
          while amiodarone, ritonavir, and clotrimazole have no or very limited exper
         imental fate or toxicity data available. The presented computational analysi
         s thus helps setting pri...' (2431 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.019' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6474 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6474 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6474 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   6 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6109, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6109 (integer)
      authors => protected'Weissbrodt,&nbsp;D.; Kovalova,&nbsp;L.; Ort,&nbsp;C.; Pazhepurackel,&nbsp;V.
         ; Moser,&nbsp;R.; Hollender,&nbsp;J.; Siegrist,&nbsp;H.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&n
         bsp;S.' (158 chars)
      title => protected'Mass flows of X-ray contrast media and cytostatics in hospital wastewater' (73 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2009 (integer)
      volume => protected43 (integer)
      issue => protected'13' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'4810' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'4817' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Little is known about the significance of hospitals as point sources for emi
         ssion of organic micropollutants into the aquatic environment. A mass flow a
         nalysis of pharmaceuticals and diagnostics used in hospitals was performed o
         n the site of a representative Swiss cantonal hospital. Specifically, we ana
         lyzed the consumption of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and cytostatic
         s in their corresponding medical applications of radiology and oncology, res
         pectively, and their discharge into hospital wastewater and eventually into 
         the wastewater of the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Emission levels 
         within one day and over several days were found to correlate with the pharma
         cokinetic excretion pattern and the consumed amounts in the hospital during 
         these days. ICM total emissions vary substantially from day to day from 255 
         to 1259 g/d, with a maximum on the day when the highest radiology treatment 
         occurred. Parent cytostatic compounds reach maximal emissions of 8−10 mg/d
         . A total of 1.1%, 1.4%, and 3.7% of the excreted amounts of the cytostatics
          5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine (main metab
         olite of gemcitabine), respectively, were found in the hospital wastewater, 
         whereas 49% of the total ICM was detected, showing a high variability among 
         the compounds. These recoveries can essentially be explained by the high amo
         unt administered to out-patients (70% for cytostatics and 50% for ICM); ther
         efore, only part of this dose is expected to be excreted on-site. In additio
         n, this study emphasizes critical issues to consider when sampling in hospit
         al sewer systems. Flow proportional sampling over a longer period is crucial
          to compute robust hospital mass flows.' (1711 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es8036725' (17 chars)
      uid => protected6109 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6109 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6109 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   7 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=5981, pid=124)
      originalId => protected5981 (integer)
      authors => protected'Kovalova,&nbsp;L.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Hollender,&nbsp;J.' (64 chars)
      title => protected'Challenge of high polarity and low concentrations in analysis of cytostatics
          and metabolites in wastewater by hydrophilic interaction chromatography/tan
         dem mass spectrometry' (173 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Chromatography A' (27 chars)
      year => protected2009 (integer)
      volume => protected1216 (integer)
      issue => protected'7' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'1100' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'1108' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'cytostatics; HILIC; pharmaceuticals; hospital wastewater; isobaric interfere
         nces' (80 chars)
      description => protected'A method for solid phase extraction and HPLC–MS/MS of the cytostatics 5-fl
         uorouracil, cytarabine, and gemcitabine and human metabolites uracil 1-β-<S
         MALL>D</SMALL>-arabinofuranoside and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine in waste
         water was established. Wastewater samples from a Swiss hospital were analyze
         d for 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine. The li
         mits of quantification were 5.0, 0.9, and 9.0 ng/L and the maximum concentra
         tions detected were 27, 38, and 840 ng/L, respectively. Along with the metho
         d development, retention mechanisms on the hydrophilic interaction chromatog
         raphy (HILIC) stationary phase were studied. Both partitioning and adsorptio
         n play a role in the retention on the tested sulfoalkylbetaine modified sili
         ca HILIC column material. The contribution of these two processes is changin
         g over the 1.6–40% range water in the mobile phase. Although the specific 
         break point is difficult to determine, adsorption becomes more significant a
         s the fraction of water in the mobile phase decreases below approximately 16
         %.' (1066 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0021-9673' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.028' (28 chars)
      uid => protected5981 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected5981 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected5981 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   8 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=5615, pid=124)
      originalId => protected5615 (integer)
      authors => protected'Moser,&nbsp;R.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Weissbrodt,&nbsp;D.' (62 chars)
      title => protected'Mikroverunreinigungen. Vorbehandlung von Spitalabwasser' (55 chars)
      journal => protected'GWA Gas, Wasser, Abwasser' (25 chars)
      year => protected2007 (integer)
      volume => protected87 (integer)
      issue => protected'11' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'869' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'875' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'Spitalabwasser; Arzneimittel; Mikroverunreinigungen; Medikamentenrückständ
         e' (77 chars)
      description => protected'ln the framework of elimination of micropollutants, resiclua of pharmaceutic
         als in waste water require special attention. ln Switzerland, 18 % of all so
         ld drugs are given out in hospitals. lt is selfeviclent that hospitals are r
         egarded as point source of residua of pharmaceuticals in waste water. Howeve
         r, there are only a few drugs significantly more often used in hospitals: co
         ntrast media and cytostatics. ln order to eliminate the residua, there are t
         wo strategies: upgrading the communal waste water treatment plants and, as a
          special case, the separate treatment of hospital waste water.' (594 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'1018-760X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected5615 (integer)
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      pid => protected124 (integer)