Department Environmental Social Sciences

Micropollutants Regulation and Management

The Environmental Social Sciences Department (ESS) aims at understanding how individuals, households, public and private entities react to uncertainties related to micropolluntants in water bodies. More specifically, we wish to understand how different individuals and actors perceive the risks of micropolluntants and evaluate different technical measures and policy options to regulate micropollutants. Besides a regional and national perspective, we also aim at studying the regulation of micropollutants across borders and countries.

Background

Micropollutants are organic trace compounds or heavy metals which occur in the aquatic environment at very low concentrations. They are brought into waters through various entry paths and sectors such as industry, agriculture or households. Human activities such as farming, industrial production, cleaning, medicine (pharmaceuticals) or hygiene are thus at the source of micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems.

Micropollutants can enter water bodies via point sources (e.g. overflows from wastewater treatment plants) or diffuse sources (e.g. run-off from agricultural or urban areas). At the Environmental Social Sciences Department, we do not conceive micropollutants as a purely technical issue, but mainly as a social one. The core question is not how micropollutants can be eliminated but how individuals and the society can live with the unavoidable uncertainty related to micropollutants and what measures are perceived as adequate or sufficient for dealing with the problem.

Typical problems and research questions

In collaboration with natural scientists at Eawag, three core topics and approaches concerning the management and regulation of micropollutants were identified. These will be the main focus of mid-term research at ESS. The topics are listed along with some typical research questions:

Uncertainty, communication and public perception:

  • How are potential problems and risks related to micropollutants in water perceived by the public?
  • How can “scientific uncertainty” with respect to the effects of micropollutants be communicated?
  • What are the stakeholders’ preferences in the face of scientific uncertainty?

Designing national and transboundary micropollution regulation:

  • What tradeoffs exist between taking measures at the source and regulating micropollutants via an upgrade of wastewater treatment plants (end-of-pipe approach)?
  • How to design transboundary water management within cantons and across countries?
  • What are important objectives and preferences of stakeholders concerning micropollutants in water bodies (and their removal or avoidance)?
  • Which technical measures or policy options best meet these objectives? In the case of conflicting objectives, can compromise solutions be suggested?

Economic perspective and household survey

  • How much are Swiss households willing to pay for upgrading wastewater treatment plants to reduce micropollutants in water?
  • Is the investment into measures for reducing micropollutants economically justified based on the cost-benefit analysis?

Team

Prof. Dr. Karin Ingold Group Leader, Group: PEGO Tel. +41 58 765 5676 Send Mail
PD Dr. Judit Lienert Group Leader, Group: DA Tel. +41 58 765 5574 Send Mail
Dr. Ivana Logar Group Leader, Group: EnvEco Tel. +41 58 765 5504 Send Mail
Dr. Christian Stamm Deputy Director Tel. +41 58 765 5565 Send Mail
Dr. Christa McArdell Senior scientist / group leader Tel. +41 58 765 5483 Send Mail
Dr. Nele Schuwirth Head of Department and Group Leader (she/her) Tel. +41 58 765 5528 Send Mail

Prof. Dr. Beate Escher
Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung UFZ
Send Mail

Florence Metz, University of Berne

H. Bresser, UTwente

M. Lubeli, UDavis

F. Varone, UGeneva

Publications

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      originalId => protected7800 (integer)
      authors => protected'Logar, I.; Brouwer, R.; Maurer, M.; Ort, C.' (63 chars)
      title => protected'Cost-benefit analysis of the Swiss national policy on reducing micropollutan
         ts in treated wastewater
' (100 chars) journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars) year => protected2014 (integer) volume => protected48 (integer) issue => protected'21' (2 chars) startpage => protected'12500' (5 chars) otherpage => protected'12508' (5 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Contamination of freshwater with micropollutants (MPs) is a growing concern
         worldwide. Even at very low concentrations, MPs can have adverse effects on
         aquatic ecosystems and possibly also on human health. Switzerland is one of
         the first countries to start implementing a national policy to reduce MPs in
          the effluents of municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). This paper estim
         ates the benefits of upgrading STPs based on public’s stated preferences.
         To assess public demand for the reduction of the environmental and health ri
         sks of MPs, we conducted a choice experiment in a national online survey. Th
         e results indicate that the average willingness to pay per household is CHF
         100 (US$ 73) annually for reducing the potential environmental risk of MPs t
         o a low level. These benefits, aggregated over households in the catchment o
         f the STPs to be upgraded, generate a total annual economic value of CHF 155
          million (US$ 113 million). This compares with estimated annual costs for up
         grading 123 STPs of CHF 133 million (US$ 97 million) or CHF 86 (US$ 63) per
         household connected to these STPs. Hence, a cost-benefit analysis justifies
         the investment decision from an economic point of view and supports the impl
         ementation of the national policy in the ongoing political discussion.
' (1286 chars) serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1021/es502338j' (17 chars) uid => protected7800 (integer) _localizedUid => protected7800 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected7800 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9059, pid=124) originalId => protected9059 (integer) authors => protected'Metz, F.; Ingold, K.' (30 chars) title => protected'Sustainable wastewater management: is it possible to regulate micropollution
          in the future by learning from the Past? A policy analysis
' (135 chars) journal => protected'Sustainability' (14 chars) year => protected2014 (integer) volume => protected6 (integer) issue => protected'4' (1 chars) startpage => protected'1992' (4 chars) otherpage => protected'2012' (4 chars) categories => protected'micropollution regulation; water quality; policy analysis; policy instrument
         s
' (77 chars) description => protected'This paper applies a policy analysis approach to the question of how to effe
         ctively regulate micropollution in a sustainable manner. Micropollution is a
          complex policy problem characterized by a huge number and diversity of chem
         ical substances, as well as various entry paths into the aquatic environment
         . It challenges traditional water quality management by calling for new tech
         nologies in wastewater treatment and behavioral changes in industry, agricul
         ture and civil society. In light of such challenges, the question arises as
         to how to regulate such a complex phenomenon to ensure water quality is main
         tained in the future? What can we learn from past experiences in water quali
         ty regulation? To answer these questions, policy analysis strongly focuses o
         n the design and choice of policy instruments and the mix of such measures.
         In this paper, we review instruments commonly used in past water quality reg
         ulation. We evaluate their ability to respond to the characteristics of a mo
         re recent water quality problem, <I>i.e.</I>, micropollution, in a sustainab
         le way. This way, we develop a new framework that integrates both the proble
         m dimension (<I>i.e.</I>, causes and effects of a problem) as well as the su
         stainability dimension (e.g., long-term, cross-sectoral and multi-level) to
         assess which policy instruments are best suited to regulate micropollution.
         We thus conclude that sustainability criteria help to identify an appropriat
         e instrument mix of end-of-pipe and source-directed measures to reduce aquat
         ic micropollution.
' (1538 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.3390/su6041992' (17 chars) uid => protected9059 (integer) _localizedUid => protected9059 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected9059 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10464, pid=124) originalId => protected10464 (integer) authors => protected'Brouwer,&nbsp;R.; Logar,&nbsp;I.; Sheremet,&nbsp;O.' (51 chars) title => protected'Choice consistency and preference stability in test-retests of discrete choi
         ce experiment and open-ended willingness to pay elicitation formats
' (143 chars) journal => protected'Environmental and Resource Economics' (36 chars) year => protected2017 (integer) volume => protected68 (integer) issue => protected'3' (1 chars) startpage => protected'729' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'751' (3 chars) categories => protected'preference stability; choice consistency; discrete choice experiment; test-r
         etest; open-ended WTP
' (97 chars) description => protected'This study tests the temporal stability of preferences, choices and willingn
         ess to pay (WTP) values using both discrete choice experiment (DCE) and open
         -ended (OE) WTP elicitation formats. The same sample is surveyed three times
          over the course of two years using each time the same choice sets. Choice c
         onsistency is positively correlated with choice certainty and choice complex
         ity. The impact of choice complexity fades away in time, most likely as a re
         sult of learning and preference refinement. Although the OE WTP values remai
         n stable over a time period of 2 years as in previous stated preference stud
         ies, DCE based WTP measures differ significantly, suggesting their use in be
         nefits transfer may be limited.
' (715 chars) serialnumber => protected'0924-6460' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1007/s10640-016-0045-z' (25 chars) uid => protected10464 (integer) _localizedUid => protected10464 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected10464 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
Logar, I.; Brouwer, R.; Maurer, M.; Ort, C. (2014) Cost-benefit analysis of the Swiss national policy on reducing micropollutants in treated wastewater, Environmental Science and Technology, 48(21), 12500-12508, doi:10.1021/es502338j, Institutional Repository
Metz, F.; Ingold, K. (2014) Sustainable wastewater management: is it possible to regulate micropollution in the future by learning from the Past? A policy analysis, Sustainability, 6(4), 1992-2012, doi:10.3390/su6041992, Institutional Repository
Brouwer, R.; Logar, I.; Sheremet, O. (2017) Choice consistency and preference stability in test-retests of discrete choice experiment and open-ended willingness to pay elicitation formats, Environmental and Resource Economics, 68(3), 729-751, doi:10.1007/s10640-016-0045-z, Institutional Repository

Logar, I., Brouwer, R. (2017). The effect of risk communication on choice behavior, welfare estimates and choice certainty. Water Resources and Economics

, In press, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2016.11.004

Current projects

Effective design of micropollution regulation
This project addresses the question of which factors explain governments’ choice of instrument selection, applied to micropollution regulation in the Rhine river basin.

Completed projects

The main objective of this research is to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of water quality improvement through upgrading of wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland.
Removal of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater is well accepted by stakeholders if trade-off between good performance of an option and its costs is reasonable.