Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries
Publications: Waste Reuse in Agriculture (WRA)
Publications: Waste Reuse in Agriculture (WRA)
Agricultural and Aquacultural Aspects of Waste Reuse
General
|
Title |
Description | File |
| Integrated Approach to Environmental Sanitation and Urban Agriculture |
The paper
discusses first the definition of environmental sanitation as it has been
defined by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). Focus
is put on the closure of the nutrient loop as one of the objectives of a more
ecological approach to environmental sanitation. Urban agriculture plays thereby
a important role in the field of public health and sustainable resource
management.
By R. Schertenleib, D. Forster, H. Belevi (2002) |
Download [pdf 110 KB] |
||
| A Systematic Overview of Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries |
Urban
agriculture is discussed in general. Different definitions and main objectives
of urban agriculture are presented. Special focus is paid on the processes of
urban agriculture (e.g. agricultural practices, soil quality management or
public health) and the gaps of knowledge.
By B. Baumgartner, H. Belevi (2001) |
Download [pdf 161 KB] |
Agricultural and Aquacultural Aspects of Waste Reuse
| Duckweed Aquculture - Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries |
The report provides an
overview on duckweed Aquaculture. It discusses duckweed for domestic,
agricultural and industrial wastewater treatment, deals with health aspects,
duckweed management, socio-cultural, economic and institutional aspects. It
reviews past and present duckweed activities around the world and points out
priority research needs.
By S. Iqbal (1999) |
Download [pdf 1.7 MB] |
Health Aspects of Waste Reuse
| Human Waste (Excreta and Wastewater) Reuse |
The document
discusses the practice of human waste reuse in urban agriculture and
aquaculture. It provides a short view on the resource potential of excreta and
wastewater. Focus is put on the health risks, health protection, waste treatment
for use and on guidelines and standards. At the end the author debated about
constraints and gaps in knowledge.
By M. Strauss (2001) |
Download [pdf 190 KB] |
||
| Reuso de Aguas Servidas - Implicationes para la Salud |
The paper
discusses the health implications regarding the reuse of excreta and wastewater.
Health risks of excreted infections, epidemiological evidence, microbiological
and parasitological quality criteria for the reuse of excreta and wastewater and
means for health protection are discussed.
By M. Strauss (1998) |
Download [pdf 170 KB] |
||
| Health (Pathogen) Considerations Regarding the Use of Human Waste in Aquaculture |
Review of the
potential health risks and current epidemiological evidence for actual risks
from pathogen transmission through wastewater aquaculture. The groups at risk,
their exposure and the types of risk are defined. Pathogen transmission and
survival, water quality standards and wastewater treatment processes are
discussed. Possible legal approaches to minimise the pathogen transmission are
mentioned.
By M. Strauss (1996) |
Download [pdf 200 KB] |
||
| Health Implications of Excreta and Wastewater Use (Hubei environmental sanitation study) |
The report
discusses the potential and actual risks to public health, epidemiological
evidence, microbiological and parasitological quality criteria for excreta and
wastewater use as well as health protection measures.
By M. Strauss (1994) revised in Jan. 2003 |
Download [pdf 160 KB] |
||
| Human waste use: Health Protection Practices and Scheme Monitoring |
The paper
provides first an overview of human waste use practices in agriculture and
aquaculture mainly in the southern hemisphere. The second part discusses
institutional settings, regulations, strategies and practices of health
protection. The third part deals with health guidelines, which have been
formulated in a number of countries in the late eighties and the author presents
monitoring schedules for treated wastewater irrigation systems.
By M. Strauss (1991) |
Download [pdf 9.5 MB high quality] Download |
||
| Use of Human Waste in Agriculture and Aquaculture |
The document
consists of case studies from 10 different countries dealing with the use of
human waste in agriculture and aquaculture. It is introduced with general
information on data collection, country background and authors. A second chapter
provides an overview on human waste use as a resource and deals with disease and
health aspects. The following chapters consist of case studies whereas a
thematically differentiation between wastewater and excrete use in agriculture
as well as wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture is made.
Executive Summary (prepared by M.B. Pescod) By M. Strauss, U. J. Blumenthal (1990) |
Download [pdf 9.1 MB] |
||
| Generalised Model of the Effect of Different Control Measures in Reducing Health Risks from Waste Reuse |
The paper
discusses health risks from wastewater and excreta reuse assessed by using an
epidemiological definition of attributable risk instead of the presence of a
microbiological hazard. There is a range of possible options for health
protection (e.g. waste treatment, crop restriction). A generalised model can be
used to visualise the effectiveness of each option in reducing health risks to
agricultural workers and consumers of the crops grown.
By U.J. Blumenthal, M. Strauss, D.D. Mara, S. Cairncross (1989) |
Download [pdf 2.2 MB high quality] Download |
||
| Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture |
The document is spitted into
three parts published in two reports. The first report contains part I & II,
the second part III. Part I: Existing Practices and Beliefs in the Utilisation of Human Excreta (P. Cross) Part II: Pathogen survival (M. Strauss) By P. Cross, M. Strauss (1985) Part III: An Epidemiological Perspective (prepared by D. Blum, R.G. Feachem) By D. Blum, R.G. Feachem (1995) |
|
Posters
| Water and Waste related Issues in Urban Agriculture |
The poster
presents Urban agriculture (UA) as an important tool to overcome deplorable
urban environmental conditions. Sandec initiated applied research activities to
investigate the potential and limitations of the use of different waste products
in urban agriculture.
By D. Forster (2003) |
Download [pdf 100 KB] |
||
| Linking Urban Agriculture and Environmental Sanitation |
The poster
presents Material Flux Analysis (MFA) as a method to assess the material and
nutrient fluxes in a given system and thus to link urban agriculture and
environmental sanitation: The case of Kumasi, Ghana.
By D. Forster, R. Schertenleib, H. Belevi (2003) |
Download [pdf 620 KB] |
||
| Excreta and Wastewater - Resources for Agriculture |
The poster
presents the use of excreta and wastewater in agriculture as a century-old
practice. Its role as an important component of urban waste management has now
been recognised. Infection risks have been identified and are
controllable.
By M. Strauss, S. Vermeul (1999) |
Download [pdf 2.4 MB] |
Presentations
| Vom Abfall zu Nahrungsmitteln |
The
presentation gives an overview on the applied research going on within Sandec
showing the example of the co-composting project in Kumasi, Ghana. (in
German)
By D. Forster (2003) |
Download [pdf 1.3 MB] |
||
| Introduction into urban agriculture |
The
presentation discusses urban agriculture (UA) in general. UA is defined and its
main objectives are presented. Special focus is paid on the processes of urban
agriculture (e.g. agricultural practices).
By D. Forster (2003) |
Download [pdf 650 KB] |
||
| Potentials and risks of reuse of faeces and waste water in (urban) agriculture |
The
presentation discusses the agronomic potential, health risks and possible risk
reduction strategies for the reuse of waste products in agriculture.
By D. Forster (2003) |
Download [pdf 880 KB] |