Department Process Engineering

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array(27 items)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=33039, pid=124)
      originalId => protected33039 (integer)
      authors => protected'Binz, C.; Sedlak, D.; O’Callaghan, P.; Truffer, B.; Ne
         si, M.; Morgenroth, E.; Lesch, D.; Miörner, J.; Maurer,
          M.; Narayan, A.; Schelbert, V.; Lüthi, C.; Aalbu,&nbsp
         ;S.; Wellauer, S.' (250 chars)
      title => protected'Mainstreaming decentralized urban water management solutions for sustainable
          cities' (83 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2024 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'27 p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Climate change, rapid urbanization and other grand challenges increasingly f
         orce cities to rethink their urban (water) infrastructure. In particular, de
         centralized urban water management solutions, which can recover valuable res
         ources close to the source are increasingly applied to remediate water scarc
         ity, sanitation or environmental pollution challenges. Yet, although interes
         ting demonstration projects with decentralized solutions (from here on label
         ed ‘decentralized UWM solutions’) are underway in several world regions,
          actors developing and implementing this transformative innovation are not e
         ffectively coordinating their efforts and sharing the latest knowledge. Whil
         e effective technologies, business models, or regulative frameworks increasi
         ngly exist that could inform, inspire and improve similar activities elsewhe
         re, details of local successes and failures are still (too) rarely shared or
          transferred across space. Drawing from experience on the mainstreaming of o
         ther transformative infrastructure solutions (like renewable energies, elect
         ric mobility or circular waste management), we posit that the global diffusi
         on of decentralized UWM solutions has been significantly slowed down by this
          lack of interaction among key stakeholders, and the resulting lack of an ef
         fective innovation ecosystem.' (1321 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.55408/eawag:33039' (20 chars)
      uid => protected33039 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected33039 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected33039 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=33030, pid=124)
      originalId => protected33030 (integer)
      authors => protected'Strande, L.' (16 chars)
      title => protected'Integrating recent scientific advances to enhance non-sewered sanitation in 
         urban areas' (87 chars)
      journal => protected'Nature Water' (12 chars)
      year => protected2024 (integer)
      volume => protected2 (integer)
      issue => protected'5' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'405' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'418' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Half of the world’s population is now served by non-sewered sanitation, ye
         t the field remains fragmented, with a focus on individual research agendas,
          and prevalence of imprecise terminology that hinders scientific learnings a
         nd leads to misconceptions. The field is at a decisive juncture, with scient
         ific knowledge taking off that holds the potential to fulfil the urgent need
          for inclusive sanitation in a rapidly urbanizing world. In this critical Re
         view, relevant and diverse research results are assembled with findings tran
         slated to one consistent terminology, to provide scientific evidence to draw
          out interlinkages and learnings, debunk common misconceptions and identify 
         key research needs. Properties of non-sewered wastewater are highly variable
         , and degradation during storage has a direct impact on greenhouse gas emiss
         ions and downstream treatment processes, which facilitate different resource
          recovery. New technologies and wastewater-based epidemiology can help to ad
         dress the lack of monitoring. The findings are presented by wastewater prope
         rties, biological processes during storage, treatment processes and monitori
         ng.' (1143 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1038/s44221-024-00240-7' (26 chars)
      uid => protected33030 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected33030 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected33030 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=32131, pid=124)
      originalId => protected32131 (integer)
      authors => protected'Strande, L.; Evans, B.; von Sperling, M.; Bartram, J.; H
         arada, H.; Nakagiri, A.; Nguyen, V.-A.' (129 chars)
      title => protected'Urban sanitation: new terminology for globally relevant solutions?' (66 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2023 (integer)
      volume => protected57 (integer)
      issue => protected'42' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'15771' (5 chars)
      otherpage => protected'15779' (5 chars)
      categories => protected'city-wide inclusive sanitation; fecal sludge; onsite; septic tank; pit latri
         ne; sewer; sustainable development goals; wastewater' (128 chars)
      description => protected'Progress toward Sustainable Development Goals for global access to safe sani
         tation is lagging significantly. In this Feature, we propose that misleading
          terminology leads to errors of categorization and hinders progress toward s
         anitation service provision in urban areas. Binary classifications such as "
         offsite/onsite" and "sewered/nonsewered" do not capture the need for "transp
         ort to treatment" or the complexity of urban sanitation and should be discar
         ded. "Fecal sludge management" is used only in the development context of lo
         w- or middle-income countries, implying separate solutions for "poor" or "so
         uthern" contexts, which is unhelpful. Terminology alone does not solve probl
         ems, but rather than using outdated or "special" terminology, we argue that 
         a robust terminology that is globally relevant across low-, middle-, and upp
         er-income contexts is required to overcome increasingly unhelpful assumption
         s and stereotypes. The use of accurate, technically robust vocabulary and de
         finitions can improve decisions about management and selection of treatment,
          promote a circular economy, provide a basis for evidence-based science and 
         technology research, and lead to critical shifts and transformations to set 
         policy goals around truly safely managed sanitation. In this Feature, the th
         ree current modes of sanitation are defined, examples of misconceptions base
         d on existing terminology are presented, and a new terminology for collectio
         n and conveyance is proposed: (I) fully road transported, (II) source-separa
         ted mixed transport, (III) mixed transport, and (IV) fully pipe transported.' (1596 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/acs.est.3c04431' (23 chars)
      uid => protected32131 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected32131 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected32131 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=31924, pid=124)
      originalId => protected31924 (integer)
      authors => protected'Heusser, A.; Dax, A.; McArdell, C. S.; Udert, K.&nb
         sp;M.' (81 chars)
      title => protected'High content of low molecular weight organics does not always affect pharmac
         eutical adsorption on activated carbon: the case of acetate, propionate and 
         ethanol in source-separated urine' (185 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2023 (integer)
      volume => protected21 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100199 (10 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'carbon usage rate; pharmaceutical removal; micropollutants; competing adsorp
         tion' (80 chars)
      description => protected'Adsorption on activated carbon is a common process to remove pharmaceuticals
          in wastewater treatment. Activated carbon adsorption is usually applied to 
         wastewater with a low content of biological degradable organics, i.e. after 
         biological treatment. Especially low molecular weight (LMW) compounds are kn
         own to compete with pharmaceuticals for adsorption sites. The goal of this s
         tudy was to test the hypothesis that biological treatment is necessary for e
         fficient pharmaceutical removal. Source-separated urine after anaerobic stor
         age (anaerobically stored urine) and after aerobic biological removal of org
         anics without nitrification (organics-depleted urine) were used in this stud
         y. In anaerobically stored urine 60% of the organic compounds were LMW organ
         ics, of which about 40% were acetate and propionate. 74% of the DOC and 100%
          of acetate and propionate were removed during aerobic biological treatment.
          To investigate the effect of the organic compounds on pharmaceutical remova
         l, sorption experiments with 19 spiked pharmaceuticals and one artificial sw
         eetener were conducted with powdered activated carbon. Ethanol, another LMW 
         organic, was included in the study, as it is regularly used for pharmaceutic
         al spiking thereby strongly increasing the DOC content. The experiments show
         ed that the adsorption of the pharmaceuticals and the sweetener were hardly 
         affected by the easily biodegradable LMW organics or ethanol. Therefore, it 
         was concluded that biological pre-treatment is not necessary for efficient p
         harmaceutical adsorption. Since acetate, propionate and ethanol contribute s
         ubstantially to the DOC content but do not absorb UV light, the latter is re
         commended as indicator for pharmaceutical removal in solutions with high con
         tents of biodegradable LMW organics.' (1784 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100199' (26 chars)
      uid => protected31924 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected31924 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected31924 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23554, pid=124)
      originalId => protected23554 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hadengue, B.; Morgenroth, E.; Larsen, T. A.; Baldini,&nb
         sp;L.' (81 chars)
      title => protected'Performance and dynamics of active greywater heat recovery in buildings' (71 chars)
      journal => protected'Applied Energy' (14 chars)
      year => protected2022 (integer)
      volume => protected305 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'117677 (13 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'greywater heat recovery; decentralized; heat pump; domestic hot water; waste
         water; energy efficiency' (100 chars)
      description => protected'In the effort to de-carbonize the building stock, heat pumps are increasingl
         y utilized in Switzerland, with 70% of the fast-growing heat pump market usi
         ng ambient air as heat source. Inexpensive and easy to implement, these heat
          pumps are, however, less efficient than their ground- or water-source count
         erparts. In this modeling study, we aim at increasing the efficiency of air-
         source heat pumps using domestic greywater-contained heat. We assess the per
         formance improvement relative to standard heat pump configurations across va
         rious climates, seasons, building envelopes, and domestic hot water consumpt
         ion patterns. The results show that the annually-averaged coefficient of per
         formance improves by 4.1% on average - ranging from 0.6% to 7.5%. This effic
         iency gain translates on average to 1.8 kWh/week of compressor electricity s
         avings. Although attractive due to its simplicity, the proposed open-loop co
         nfiguration - preheating of an external heat source - only leads to moderate
          performance improvement of air-source heat pumps. Based on these results, w
         e extensively discuss and compare alternative system configurations and iden
         tify several fundamental differences in the heat recovery dynamics of each c
         onfiguration. We show that closed-loop systems - using greywater as direct h
         eat source - show the largest performance improvement potential, although be
         ing more expensive and complex to implement.' (1412 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0306-2619' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117677' (30 chars)
      uid => protected23554 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected23554 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected23554 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   5 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23878, pid=124)
      originalId => protected23878 (integer)
      authors => protected'Larsen, T. A.; Riechmann, M. E.; Udert, K. M.' (75 chars)
      title => protected'State of the art of urine treatment technologies: a critical review.' (68 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected13 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100114 (20 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'nitrogen recovery; phosphorus recovery; pharmaceutical removal; environmenta
         l protection; volume reduction; energy production' (125 chars)
      description => protected'Over the last 15 years, urine treatment technologies have developed from lab
          studies of a few pioneers to an interesting innovation, attracting attentio
         n from a growing number of process engineers. In this broad review, we prese
         nt literature from more than a decade on biological, physical-chemical and e
         lectrochemical urine treatment processes. Like in the first review on urine 
         treatment from 2006, we categorize the technologies according to the followi
         ng objectives: stabilization, volume reduction, targeted N-recovery, targete
         d P-recovery, nutrient removal, sanitization, and handling of organic microp
         ollutants. We add energy recovery as a new objective, because extensive work
          has been done on electrochemical energy harvesting, especially with bio-ele
         ctrochemical systems. Our review reveals that biological processes are a goo
         d choice for urine stabilization. They have the advantage of little demand f
         or chemicals and energy. Due to instabilities, however, they are not suited 
         for bathroom applications and they cannot provide the desired volume reducti
         on on their own. A number of physical-chemical treatment technologies are ap
         plicable at bathroom scale and can provide the necessary volume reduction, b
         ut only with a steady supply of chemicals and often with high demand for ene
         rgy and maintenance. Electrochemical processes is a recent, but rapidly grow
         ing field, which could give rise to exciting technologies at bathroom scale,
          although energy production might only be interesting for niche applications
         . The review includes a qualitative assessment of all unit processes. A quan
         titative comparison of treatment performance was not the goal of the study a
         nd could anyway only be done for complete treatment trains. An important nex
         t step in urine technology research and development will be the combination 
         of unit processes to set up and test robust treatment trains. We hope that t
         he present review will help guide these efforts to accelerate the developmen
         t towards a mature techn...' (2065 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100114' (26 chars)
      uid => protected23878 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected23878 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected23878 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   6 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=22336, pid=124)
      originalId => protected22336 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ward, B. J.; Andriessen, N.; Tembo, J. M.; Kabika,&
         nbsp;J.; Grau, M.; Scheidegger, A.; Morgenroth, E.; Strande,&
         nbsp;L.' (159 chars)
      title => protected'Predictive models using "cheap and easy" field measurements: can they fill a
          gap in planning, monitoring, and implementing fecal sludge management solut
         ions?' (157 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected196 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'116997 (12 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'random forest; machine learning; image analysis; sanitation; wash; fecal slu
         dge' (79 chars)
      description => protected'The characteristics of fecal sludge delivered to treatment plants are highly
          variable. Adapting treatment process operations accordingly is challenging 
         due to a lack of analytical capacity for characterization and monitoring at 
         many treatment plants. Cost-efficient and simple field measurements such as 
         photographs and probe readings could be proxies for process control paramete
         rs that normally require laboratory analysis. To investigate this, we evalua
         ted questionnaire data, expert assessments, and simple analytical measuremen
         ts for fecal sludge collected from 421 onsite containments. This data served
          as inputs to models of varying complexity. Random forest and linear regress
         ion models were able to predict physical-chemical characteristics including 
         total solids (TS) and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N) concentrations
         , and solid-liquid separation performance including settling efficiency and 
         filtration time (R<sup>2</sup> from 0.51-0.66) based on image analysis of ph
         otographs (sludge color, supernatant color, and texture) and probe readings 
         (conductivity (EC) and pH). Supernatant color was the best predictor of sett
         ling efficiency and filtration time, EC was the best predictor of NH<sub>4</
         sub><sup>+</sup>-N, and texture was the best predictor of TS. Predictive mod
         els have the potential to be applied for real-time monitoring and process co
         ntrol if a database of measurements is developed and models are validated in
          other cities. Simple decision tree models based on the single classifier of
          containment type can also be used to make predictions about citywide planni
         ng, where a lower degree of accuracy is required.' (1645 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2021.116997' (28 chars)
      uid => protected22336 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected22336 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected22336 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   7 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23961, pid=124)
      originalId => protected23961 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hess,&nbsp;A.; Baum,&nbsp;C.; Schiessl,&nbsp;K.; Besmer,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;D.; Ha
         mmes,&nbsp;F.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.' (110 chars)
      title => protected'Stagnation leads to short-term fluctuations in the effluent water quality of
          biofilters: a problem for greywater reuse?' (119 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected13 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100120 (9 pp.)' (14 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'biological activated carbon; greywater reuse; automated flow cytometry; deta
         chment; stagnation' (94 chars)
      description => protected'A key characteristic of decentralized greywater treatment and reuse is high 
         variability in both nutrient concentrations and flow. This variability in fl
         ow leads to stagnant water in the system and causes short-term fluctuations 
         in the effluent water quality. Automated monitoring tools provide data to un
         derstand the mechanisms underlying the dynamics and to adapt control strateg
         ies accordingly. We investigated the fluctuations in a building-scale greywa
         ter treatment system comprising a membrane bioreactor followed by a biologic
         al activated carbon filter. Short-term dynamics in the effluent of the biolo
         gical activated carbon filter were monitored with automated flow cytometry a
         nd turbidity, and the impact of these fluctuations on various hygiene-releva
         nt parameters in the reuse water was evaluated. Continuous biofilm detachmen
         t into the stagnant water in the biological activated carbon filter led to t
         emporarily increased turbidity and cell concentrations in the effluent after
          periods of stagnation. The fluctuations in cell concentrations were consist
         ent with a model assuming higher detachment rates during flow than during ti
         mes with stagnant water. For this system, total cell concentration and turbi
         dity were strongly correlated. We also showed that the observed increase in 
         cell concentration was not related to either an increase of organic carbon c
         oncentration or the concentration of two opportunistic pathogens, <em>P. ae
         ruginosa</em> and <em>L. pneumophila.</em> Our findings demonstrate that tu
         rbidity measurements are sensitive to changes in the effluent water quality 
         and can be used to monitor the fluctuations caused by intermittent flow. Int
         ermittent flow did not lead to an increase in opportunistic pathogens, and t
         his study provides no indications that stagnant water in biological activate
         d carbon filters need be prevented.' (1859 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100120' (26 chars)
      uid => protected23961 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected23961 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected23961 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   8 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23959, pid=124)
      originalId => protected23959 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hess,&nbsp;A.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.' (34 chars)
      title => protected'Biological activated carbon filter for greywater post-treatment: Long-term T
         OC removal with adsorption and biodegradation' (121 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected13 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100113 (9 pp.)' (14 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'biological activated carbon; greywater reuse; adsorption; biodegradation; ba
         ckwashing' (85 chars)
      description => protected'Biological activated carbon (BAC) filters can be used to remove residual tot
         al organic carbon (TOC) from greywater after a membrane bioreactor. The two 
         main TOC removal processes are adsorption to the granular activated carbon (
         GAC) and biological degradation. Biodegradation leads to the growth of micro
         organisms in the filter bed, which can lead to increased pressure loss over 
         the filter bed. However, the roles of sorption and biodegradation in long-te
         rm TOC removal and how they complement each other are unclear. We monitored 
         TOC removal from greywater in a BAC filter installed following a membrane bi
         oreactor over more than 900 days. Removal performance depended on the opera
         tional time of the BAC filter, the influent TOC concentration, and in the up
         per part of the filter on the empty bed contact time (EBCT). Across the over
         all filter, the EBCT did not significantly influence TOC removal, showing th
         at the filter was sufficiently large for the range of flow rates observed. A
         nalysis of the long-term data revealed the equal importance of sorption and 
         biodegradation over the whole operation period and the whole filter bed. Mos
         t of the TOC was removed in the upper part of the filter, where biodegradati
         on was the dominant mechanism. In the lower part of the filter, sorption cap
         acity remained and allowed high influent TOC concentrations to be buffered. 
         The generous filter design with low average filtration rates ensured long-te
         rm TOC removal. The only maintenance needed was backwashing, which was requi
         red only after more than 800 days of operation. Backwashing effectively redu
         ced the pressure loss but had no significant influence on the effluent water
          quality. Our study shows that BAC filters are a suitable post-treatment ste
         p for the treatment of greywater with highly variable flow and TOC concentra
         tions.' (1830 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100113' (26 chars)
      uid => protected23959 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected23959 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected23959 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23527, pid=124)
      originalId => protected23527 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hadengue,&nbsp;B.; Joshi,&nbsp;P.; Figueroa,&nbsp;A.; Larsen,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A
         .; Blumensaat,&nbsp;F.' (98 chars)
      title => protected'In-building heat recovery mitigates adverse temperature effects on biologica
         l wastewater treatment: a network-scale analysis of thermal-hydraulics in se
         wers' (156 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected204 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'117552 (11 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'energy harvesting; household wastewater; private connection; sewer networks;
          thermal-hydraulic analysis; wastewater temperature' (127 chars)
      description => protected'Heat recovery from wastewater is a robust and straightforward strategy to re
         duce water-related energy consumption. Its implementation, though, requires 
         a careful assessment of its impacts across the entire wastewater system as a
         dverse effects on the water and resource recovery facility and competition a
         mong heat recovery strategies may arise. A model-based assessment of heat re
         covery from wastewater therefore implies extending the modeling spatial scop
         e, with the aim of enabling thermal-hydraulic simulations from the household
          tap along its entire flow path down to the wastewater resource recovery fac
         ility. With this aim in mind, we propose a new modeling framework interfacin
         g thermal-hydraulic simulations of (i) households, (ii) private lateral conn
         ections, and (iii) the main public sewer network. Applying this framework to
          analyze the fate of wastewater heat budgets in a Swiss catchment, we find t
         hat heat losses in lateral connections are large and cannot be overlooked in
          any thermal-hydraulic analysis, due to the high-temperature, low-flow waste
         water characteristics maximizing heat losses to the environment. Further, we
          find that implementing shower drain heat recovery devices in 50% of the cat
         chment's households lower the wastewater temperature at the recovery facilit
         y significantly less – only 0.3 K – than centralized in-sewer heat recov
         ery, due to a significant thermal damping effect induced by lateral connecti
         ons and secondary sewer lines. In-building technologies are thus less likely
          to adversely affect biological wastewater treatment processes. The proposed
          open-source modeling framework can be applied to any other catchment. We th
         ereby hope to enable more efficient heat recovery strategies, maximizing ene
         rgy harvesting while minimising impacts on biological wastewater treatment.' (1823 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2021.117552' (28 chars)
      uid => protected23527 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected23527 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected23527 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   10 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=21029, pid=124)
      originalId => protected21029 (integer)
      authors => protected'Köpping,&nbsp;I.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Borowska,&nbsp;E.; Böhler,&nb
         sp;M.&nbsp;A.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.' (113 chars)
      title => protected'Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine by adsorption on granular ac
         tivated carbon' (90 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2020 (integer)
      volume => protected9 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100057 (10 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'source separation; organic micropollutants; resource recovery; recycling fer
         tilizer; carbon usage rate' (102 chars)
      description => protected'Nitrification and distillation of urine allow for the recovery of all nutrie
         nts in a highly concentrated fertilizer solution. However, pharmaceuticals e
         xcreted with urine are only partially removed during these two process steps
         . For a sustainable and safe application, more extensive removal of pharmace
         uticals is necessary. To enhance the pharmaceutical removal, which is alread
         y occurring during urine storage, nitrification and distillation, an adsorpt
         ion column with granular activated carbon (GAC) can be included in the treat
         ment train. We executed a pilot-scale study to investigate the adsorption of
          eleven indicator pharmaceuticals on GAC. During 74 days, we treated roughly
          1000 L of pre-filtered and nitrified urine spiked with pharmaceuticals in t
         wo flow-through GAC columns filled with different grain sizes. We compared t
         he performance of these columns by calculating the number of treated bed vol
         umes until breakthrough and carbon usage rates. The eleven spiked pharmaceut
         icals were candesartan, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, diclofenac, emtricita
         bine, hydrochlorothiazide, irbesartan, metoprolol, N<sub>4</sub>-acetylsulfa
         methoxazole, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. At the shortest empty bed co
         ntact time (EBCT) of 25 min, immediate breakthrough was observed in both col
         umns shortly after the start of the experiments. Strong competition by natur
         al organic material (NOM) could have caused the low pharmaceutical removal a
         t the EBCT of 25 min. At EBCTs of 70, 92 and 115 min, more than 660 bed volu
         mes could be treated until breakthrough in the column with fine GAC. The ear
         liest breakthrough was observed for candesartan and clarithromycin. On coars
         e GAC, only half the number of bed volumes could be treated until breakthrou
         gh compared to fine GAC. The probable reason for the later breakthrough with
          fine GAC is the smaller intraparticle diffusive path length. DOC and UV abs
         orbance measurements at 265 nm indicated that both parameters can be used as
          indicators for the brea...' (2462 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100057' (26 chars)
      uid => protected21029 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected21029 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected21029 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   11 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=22955, pid=124)
      originalId => protected22955 (integer)
      authors => protected'Larsen,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.; Gruendl,&nbsp;H.; Binz,&nbsp;C.' (56 chars)
      title => protected'The potential contribution of urine source separation to the SDG agenda - a 
         review of the progress so far and future development options' (136 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology' (52 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected7 (integer)
      issue => protected'7' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'1161' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'1176' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Sanitation and wastewater management are highly relevant for reaching a numb
         er of interconnected sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially SDG 6,
          the provision of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation for all as wel
         l as protection of water resources against pollution, and SDG 14.1, reducing
          nutrient emissions to the marine environment. Recent evidence increasingly 
         shows that conventional sewer-based wastewater management will not be able t
         o reach these targets. Rather than further optimizing and diffusing this age
         ing infrastructure paradigm, radical innovations like urine source separatio
         n technologies could help to leapfrog towards faster achievement of the SDGs
         . The technology would simplify on-site sanitation and develop a closed-loop
          nutrient cycle, thereby allowing for exceptionally high nutrient removal fr
         om wastewater and direct reuse in agriculture from the first day of implemen
         tation. Radical innovations, however, need decades to materialize. Based on 
         a review of relevant academic and grey literature, we show how the past thre
         e decades of development of urine source separation have brought breakthroug
         hs in toilet design and treatment processes, enabling the technology's value
          chain to reach the brink of maturity. In a short outlook, we discuss how th
         e technology may reach global diffusion over the next decade, with the main 
         remaining challenges relating to the creation of mass-markets for urine-dive
         rting toilets, automation and mass-production of treatment systems, and the 
         legitimation of fertilizer produced from urine in the agricultural sector.' (1594 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2053-1400' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1039/D0EW01064B' (18 chars)
      uid => protected22955 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected22955 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected22955 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   12 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=22375, pid=124)
      originalId => protected22375 (integer)
      authors => protected'Reynaert,&nbsp;E.; Hess,&nbsp;A.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.' (53 chars)
      title => protected'Making waves: why water reuse frameworks need to co-evolve with emerging sma
         ll-scale technologies' (97 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected11 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100094 (5 pp.)' (14 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'on-site non-potable water reuse; decentralized; regulatory and legal framewo
         rks; guidelines; standards; field test' (114 chars)
      description => protected'Novel technologies allow to reuse or recycle water for on-site applications 
         such as toilet flushing, showering, or hand washing at the household- or bui
         lding-scale. Many of these technologies have now reached technology readines
         s levels that require for verification and validation testing in the field. 
         Results from such field tests of decentralized water reuse systems have been
          published over the past few years, and observed performance is often compar
         ed to quality targets from water reuse frameworks (WRFs). An inspection of t
         en recent journal publications reveals that targets from WRFs are often misi
         nterpreted, and the emphasis of these publications is too often on demonstra
         ting successful aspects of the technologies rather than critically evaluatin
         g the quality of the produced water. We hypothesize that some of these misin
         terpretations are due to ambiguous definition of scopes of WRFs (e.g., "unre
         stricted urban reuse") and unclear applicability for novel recycling systems
          that treat the water for applications that go beyond the reuse scopes defin
         ed in current WRFs. Additional challenges are linked to the verification of 
         WRF quality targets in small-scale and decentralized systems under economic 
         and organizational constraints. Current WRFs are not suitable for all possib
         le reuse cases, and there is need for a critical discussion of quality targe
         ts and associated monitoring methods. As the scope of water reuse has expand
         ed greatly over the past years, WRFs need to address new applications and ad
         vances in technology, including in monitoring capacities.' (1577 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100094' (26 chars)
      uid => protected22375 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected22375 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected22375 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   13 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=21901, pid=124)
      originalId => protected21901 (integer)
      authors => protected'Özel Duygan,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;D.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Remmele,&nbsp;A.; McA
         rdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.' (98 chars)
      title => protected'Removal of pharmaceuticals from human urine during storage, aerobic biologic
         al treatment, and activated carbon adsorption to produce a safe fertilizer' (150 chars)
      journal => protected'Resources, Conservation and Recycling' (37 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected166 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'105341 (10 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'biotransformation; ecotoxicity assessment; moving bed biofilm reactor; nitri
         fication; powdered activated carbon; source separation' (130 chars)
      description => protected'Urine has great potential to be an effective fertilizer due to its high nutr
         ient content, however, it can contain potentially worrying pharmaceuticals. 
         Our objective was to study whether urine storage and aerobic biological trea
         tment, i.e. nitrification, was sufficient to remove pharmaceuticals or an ad
         ditional treatment with activated carbon was necessary to produce a fertiliz
         er from urine. We investigated the abatement of twelve pharmaceuticals, incl
         uding antibiotics and antivirals, in laboratory experiments representing the
          treatment steps of anaerobic storage of source-separated human urine, stabi
         lization using partial and full nitrification under acclimatized and non-acc
         limatized conditions, and treatment of nitrified urine using powdered activa
         ted carbon (PAC). Two-month-long-term storage of urine was insufficient to s
         ubstantially degrade the pharmaceuticals, except for hydrochlorothiazide (&g
         t;90%). In the partial and full nitrification fed-batch reactors, atazanavir
         , ritonavir, and clarithromycin were rapidly removed, with biotransformation
          rate constants greater than 10 L g<sub>SS</sub><sup>−1</sup>d<sup>−1<
         /sup>. Darunavir, emtricitabine, trimethoprim, N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole, su
         lfamethoxazole, atenolol, diclofenac, and hydrochlorothiazide were degraded 
         slowly, with biotransformation rate constants of &lt; 1 L g<sub>SS</sub><
         sup>−1</sup>d<sup>−1</sup>. With 200 mg PAC L<sup>−1</sup>, at leas
         t 90% of each investigated pharmaceutical was removed. Yeast estrogen screen
          tests and bioluminescence inhibition tests revealed efficient removal of es
         trogenicity (99%) and toxicity (56%) using nitrification, and a reduction of
          89% and 64%, respectively, using 200 mg PAC L<sup>−1</sup>. With our s
         tudy, we provide biotransformation rate constants of compounds never previou
         sly investigated. We also show that a combination of nitrification and PAC a
         dsorption enables the production of a safe fertilizer with sufficiently low 
         pharmaceutical concentra...' (2045 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0921-3449' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105341' (31 chars)
      uid => protected21901 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected21901 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected21901 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   14 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=21019, pid=124)
      originalId => protected21019 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hadengue,&nbsp;B.; Scheidegger,&nbsp;A.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Larsen,&nbsp;T
         .&nbsp;A.' (85 chars)
      title => protected'Modeling the water-energy nexus in households' (45 chars)
      journal => protected'Energy and Buildings' (20 chars)
      year => protected2020 (integer)
      volume => protected225 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'110262 (10 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'water-energy nexus; modelica; domestic hot water systems' (56 chars)
      description => protected'One third of the global carbon emissions are emitted by the building sector.
          Over the last decades, space heating loads have decreased in modern buildin
         gs, and domestic hot water (DHW) is now oftentimes the largest energy consum
         er in the household. We developed the WaterHub modeling framework to assess 
         the potential of technologies or measures targeting DHW energy demand. The f
         ramework combines process-based technological models and stochastic water de
         mand modeling in a modular way to allow for holistic simulations of complex 
         DHW systems. In two rigorous tests of the modeling framework, we demonstrate
         d the importance of water consumption dynamics in the modeling of DHW system
         s, showing that static modeling leads to underestimated heat losses and wron
         g energy consumption predictions. In an exemplary case study, we identified 
         and quantified the synergistic interactions between water boiler temperature
         s and a drain water heat recovery device, demonstrating the strength of this
          methodology for optimizing strategies targeting DHW systems. With its modul
         ar structure, this open-source modeling framework can be extended to include
          any DHW-related technology, providing a useful common platform for collabor
         ation between technology developers and water experts.' (1270 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0378-7788' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110262' (29 chars)
      uid => protected21019 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected21019 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected21019 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   15 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=21740, pid=124)
      originalId => protected21740 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hess,&nbsp;A.; Bettex,&nbsp;C.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.' (51 chars)
      title => protected'Influence of intermittent flow on removal of organics in a biological activa
         ted carbon filter (BAC) used as post-treatment for greywater' (136 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2020 (integer)
      volume => protected9 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100078 (10 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'biologically activated carbon (BAC); intermittent flow; bioregeneration; bio
         filtration; greywater' (97 chars)
      description => protected'Highly variable flow has to be expected in decentralized greywater treatment
          and can lead to intermittent operation of the treatment system. However, fe
         w studies have addressed the influence of variable flow on the treatment per
         formance of a biological activated carbon filter (BAC). In this study, we in
         vestigated the influence of intermittent flow using small-scale BAC columns,
          which treat greywater as a second treatment step following a membrane biore
         actor (MBR). Three operating strategies to respond to variable flow were eva
         luated. The activated carbon was characterized before and after the experime
         nts in terms of biological activity and sorption capacity. The performance o
         f the BAC filters was assessed based on total organic carbon (TOC) removal, 
         TOC fractions and growth potential. No significant differences were observed
          between constant flow compared to on-off operation with intermittent flow o
         ver the range of tested influent concentrations. Peaks with high TOC during 
         24 h periods were attenuated by sorption and biological degradation. Adsorb
         ed TOC was released after switching back to normal concentrations for influe
         nt concentrations more than 5 times higher than usually observed, the BAC fu
         nctioned as a temporary sink. In line with these results, the high influent 
         TOC values led to increased biological activity in the filter but did not in
         fluence the sorption capacity. The experiments showed that intermittent flow
          does not negatively impact the performance of a BAC and that there is no ne
         ed for additional equalization tanks to buffer the variable flow, for exampl
         e in household-scale greywater treatment.' (1637 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100078' (26 chars)
      uid => protected21740 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected21740 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected21740 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   16 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=20080, pid=124)
      originalId => protected20080 (integer)
      authors => protected'Doll,&nbsp;C.; Larsen,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.; Strande,&nbsp;L.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbs
         p;M.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.' (101 chars)
      title => protected'Water Hub im NEST-Gebäude. Eine Plattform zum Testen von innovativen ressou
         rcenorientierten Sanitärsystemen' (109 chars)
      journal => protected'Aqua & Gas' (10 chars)
      year => protected2020 (integer)
      volume => protected100 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'52' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'57' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Mit innovativen Technologien werden im Water Hub unter realen Bedingungen Re
         ssourcen aus dem Abwasser gewonnen und Kreisläufe geschlossen. Die Forschun
         g in diesem Living Lab erlaubt es, praxisnahe Erfahrungen zu machen, Schwach
         stellen schnell zu identifizieren und das System zu optimieren. Bei der Impl
         ementierung dieser dezentralen Technologien spielen die lokalen Herausforder
         ungen und Begebenheiten stets eine wichtige Rolle.' (430 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2235-5197' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected20080 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected20080 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected20080 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   17 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10590, pid=124)
      originalId => protected10590 (integer)
      authors => protected'Larsen,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.; Hoffmann,&nbsp;S.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.; Truffer,&nbsp;B
         .; Maurer,&nbsp;M.' (94 chars)
      title => protected'Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world' (65 chars)
      journal => protected'Science' (7 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected352 (integer)
      issue => protected'6288' (4 chars)
      startpage => protected'928' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'933' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'The top priorities for urban water sustainability include the provision of s
         afe drinking water, wastewater handling for public health, and protection ag
         ainst flooding. However, rapidly aging infrastructure, population growth, an
         d increasing urbanization call into question current urban water management 
         strategies, especially in the fast-growing urban areas in Asia and Africa. W
         e review innovative approaches in urban water management with the potential 
         to provide locally adapted, resource-efficient alternative solutions. Promis
         ing examples include new concepts for stormwater drainage, increased water p
         roductivity, distributed or on-site treatment of wastewater, source separati
         on of human waste, and institutional and organizational reforms. We conclude
          that there is an urgent need for major transdisciplinary efforts in researc
         h, policy, and practice to develop alternatives with implications for cities
          and aquatic ecosystems alike.' (942 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0036-8075' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1126/science.aad8641' (23 chars)
      uid => protected10590 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected10590 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected10590 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   18 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=18906, pid=124)
      originalId => protected18906 (integer)
      authors => protected'Andriessen,&nbsp;N.; Ward,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;J.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (60 chars)
      title => protected'To char or not to char? Review of technologies to produce solid fuels for re
         source recovery from faecal sludge' (110 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (56 chars)
      year => protected2019 (integer)
      volume => protected9 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'210' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'224' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'carbonization; energy recovery; faecal sludge; fecal sludge; onsite sanitati
         on; pyrolysis' (89 chars)
      description => protected'Resource recovery from faecal sludge can take many forms, including as a fue
         l, soil amendment, building material, protein, animal fodder, and water for 
         irrigation. Resource recovery as a solid fuel has been found to have high ma
         rket potential in Sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory- and pilot-scale research o
         n faecal sludge solid fuel production exists, but it is unclear which techno
         logy option is most suitable in which conditions. This review offers an over
         view and critical analysis of the current state of technologies that can pro
         duce a dried or carbonized solid fuel, including drying, pelletizing, hydrot
         hermal carbonization, and slow-pyrolysis. Carbonization alters fuel properti
         es, and in faecal sludge, it concentrates the ash content and decreases the 
         calorific value. Overall, a non-carbonized faecal sludge fuel is recommended
         , unless a carbonized product is specifically required by the combustion tec
         hnology or end user. Carbonized and non-carbonized fuels have distinct chara
         cteristics, and deciding whether to char or not to char is a key judgement i
         n determining the optimal solid fuel technology option. Based on the existin
         g evidence, this review provides a decision-making structure for selecting t
         he optimal technology to produce a faecal sludge solid fuel and identifies t
         he top research needs prior to full-scale implementation.' (1349 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2019.184' (24 chars)
      uid => protected18906 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected18906 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected18906 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   19 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=16563, pid=124)
      originalId => protected16563 (integer)
      authors => protected'Penn,&nbsp;R.; Ward,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;J.; Strande,&nbsp;L.; Maurer,&nbsp;M.' (71 chars)
      title => protected'Review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastew
         ater research' (89 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected132 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'222' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'240' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'fecal sludge; fecal sludge simulant; feces; feces simulants; onsite wastewat
         er treatment; sewers' (96 chars)
      description => protected'Investigations involving human faeces and faecal sludge are of great importa
         nce for urban sanitation, such as operation and maintenance of sewer systems
         , or implementation of faecal sludge management. However, working with real 
         faecal matter is difficult as it not only involves working with a pathogenic
         , malodorous material but also individual faeces and faecal sludge samples a
         re highly variable, making it difficult to execute repeatable experiments. S
         ynthetic faeces and faecal sludge can provide consistently reproducible subs
         trate and alleviate these challenges. A critical literature review of simula
         nts developed for various wastewater and faecal sludge related research is p
         rovided. Most individual studies sought to develop a simulant representative
          of specific physical, chemical, or thermal properties depending on their re
         search objectives. Based on the review, a suitable simulant can be chosen an
         d used or further developed according to the research needs. As an example, 
         the authors present such a modification for the development of a simulant th
         at can be used for investigating the motion (movement, settling and sediment
         ation) of faeces and their physical and biological disintegration in sewers 
         and in on-site sanitation systems.' (1250 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.063' (28 chars)
      uid => protected16563 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected16563 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected16563 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   20 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=19272, pid=124)
      originalId => protected19272 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ward,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;J.; Traber,&nbsp;J.; Gueye,&nbsp;A.; Diop,&nbsp;B.; Morge
         nroth,&nbsp;E.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (108 chars)
      title => protected'Evaluation of conceptual model and predictors of faecal sludge dewatering pe
         rformance in Senegal and Tanzania' (109 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2019 (integer)
      volume => protected167 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'115101 (13 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'fecal sludge; EPS; CST; stabilization; public toilet' (52 chars)
      description => protected'Unpredictable dewatering performance is a barrier to the effective managemen
         t and treatment of faecal sludge. While mechanisms of dewatering in sludges 
         from wastewater treatment are well understood, it is not clear how dewaterin
         g of faecal sludge fits into the framework of existing knowledge. We evaluat
         e physical-chemical parameters, including EPS and cations, and demographic (
         source), environmental (microbial community), and technical factors (residen
         ce time) as possible predictors of dewatering performance in faecal sludge, 
         and make comparisons to the existing conceptual model for wastewater sludge.
          Faecal sludge from public toilets took longer to dewater than sludge from o
         ther sources, and had turbid supernatant after settling. Slow dewatering and
          turbid supernatant corresponded to high EPS and monovalent cation concentra
         tions, conductivity, and pH, but cake solids after dewatering was not correl
         ated with EPS or other factors. Faecal sludges with higher EPS appeared less
          stabilised than those with lower EPS, potentially a result of inhibition of
          biological degradation due to high urine concentrations. However, distinct 
         microbial community compositions were also observed in samples with higher a
         nd lower EPS concentrations. Higher EPS faecal sludge was comparable in dewa
         tering behaviour and EPS content to anaerobically digested and primary waste
         water sludges. However lower EPS faecal sludges had different dewatering beh
         aviour than wastewater sludges and may be governed by different mechanisms.' (1519 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2019.115101' (28 chars)
      uid => protected19272 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected19272 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected19272 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   21 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=17193, pid=124)
      originalId => protected17193 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ziemba,&nbsp;C.; Larivé,&nbsp;O.; Reynaert,&nbsp;E.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.' (73 chars)
      title => protected'Chemical composition, nutrient-balancing and biological treatment of hand wa
         shing greywater' (91 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected144 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'752' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'762' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'soap; nitrogen; micro-nutrients; biologically activated membrane bioreactor 
         (BAMBi); gravity-driven membrane (GDM); handwashing' (127 chars)
      description => protected'On-site biological hand washing water treatment can improve global access to
          safe hand washing water, but requires a thorough understanding of the chemi
         cal composition of the water to be treated, and an effective treatment strat
         egy. This study first presents a detailed characterization of the individual
          inputs to hand washing water. We demonstrate (1) that soap is likely the mo
         st significant input in hand washing water, representing ∼90% of mass load
         ing, and (2) that inputs to hand washing water have low concentrations of bi
         ologically-essential macro- and micro-nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potas
         sium, copper, zinc, molybdenum and cobalt) with respect to carbon, which may
          impair biological carbon removal. This study next formulates a recipe that 
         recreates a representative composition of hand washing water and develops a 
         procedure to identify and supplement nutrients in which this recipe is estim
         ated to be deficient. Batch testing of the nutrient-supplemented hand washin
         g water with an inoculum of planktonic bacteria demonstrated improved assimi
         lable organic carbon removal (99% vs. 86% removal) and produced lower final 
         DOC concentrations (1.7 mg<sub>C</sub>/L vs. 3.5 mg<sub>C</sub>/L) compared 
         to realistic (nutrient-deficient) washing water. Supplementing nutrients did
          promote cell growth (50x higher final total cell count). Full-scale testing
         
         
         eration (100 days) can deliver effective carbon removal (95%) without detrim
         ental fouling or other disruptions caused by cell growth. This work demonstr
         ates that biological treatment in a BAMBi system, operated with appropriate 
         nutrient-balancing offers an effective solution for decentralized treatment 
         of light greywater.' (1843 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.005' (28 chars)
      uid => protected17193 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected17193 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected17193 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   22 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=18717, pid=124)
      originalId => protected18717 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ziemba,&nbsp;C.; Larivé,&nbsp;O.; Deck,&nbsp;S.; Huisman,&nbsp;T.; Morgenro
         th,&nbsp;E.' (87 chars)
      title => protected'Comparing the anti-bacterial performance of chlorination and electrolysis po
         st-treatments in a hand washing water recycling system' (130 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research X' (16 chars)
      year => protected2019 (integer)
      volume => protected2 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'100020 (10 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'greywater; regrowth; decentralized; assimilable organic carbon (AOC); biolog
         ically activated membrane bioreactor (BAMBi); hydroxyl radical' (138 chars)
      description => protected'Innovative solutions are necessary to enable the decentralized recycling of 
         greywater for applications requiring high-quality water, such as hand washin
         g. While physical barriers such as ultrafiltration membranes effectively pre
         vent the passage of bacteria, and chemical and biological treatments can eff
         ectively reduce the carbon content of the treated water, there exists a know
         ledge gap regarding the application of anti-bacterial strategies to prevent 
         the growth of harmful bacteria following treatment. In this study, the efflu
         ent water from a household-scale greywater treatment system was fed to seven
          parallel experimental post-treatment tanks: three receiving direct chlorina
         tion with free chlorine residuals of 0.2, 1 or 5 mg Cl<sub>2</sub>/L, three 
         with chlorine produced through electrolysis at the same residual concentrati
         ons, and one control with no chlorine added. For increasing concentrations o
         f direct chlorination, the median total cell count (TCC) values were 9 × 10
         <sup>4</sup>, 2.9 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 1.8 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/mL, resp
         ectively. Electrolysis treatment produced very similar TCC concentrations, 8
         .8 × 10<sup>4</sup>, 1.1 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 2.3 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/
         mL. The TCC concentrations were lower than the concentration of the water en
         tering each tank (~3 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells/mL). Intact cell count (ICC) me
         asurements indicated that the viable cell concentrations, were less than 10%
          of the TCC values. Though electrolysis treatment can produce powerful oxida
         nts, such as hydroxyl radical, there was no evidence that electrolysis in th
         is system provided additional benefits beyond chlorine production for contro
         l of total or intact cell counts. Oxidation of bacteria by chlorine was the 
         dominant anti-bacterial mechanism in our system. Monitoring of dissolved org
         anic carbon (DOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) did not suggest that 
         carbon-limitation significantly impacted cell counts when chlorination or el
         ectrolysis treatment was...' (2497 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2589-9147' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.wroa.2018.100020' (26 chars)
      uid => protected18717 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected18717 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected18717 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   23 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=16812, pid=124)
      originalId => protected16812 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hong,&nbsp;P.-Y.; Julian,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;R.; Pype,&nbsp;M.-L.; Jiang,&nbsp;S.&
         nbsp;C.; Nelson,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;L.; Graham,&nbsp;D.; Pruden,&nbsp;A.; Manaia,&
         nbsp;C.&nbsp;M.' (167 chars)
      title => protected'Reusing treated wastewater: consideration of the safety aspects associated w
         ith antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes' (141 chars)
      journal => protected'Water' (5 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected10 (integer)
      issue => protected'3' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'244 (22 pp.)' (12 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'water reuse; wastewater treatment; source prevention; monitoring and surveil
         lance; risk assessment' (98 chars)
      description => protected'As more countries engage in water reuse, either intended or de facto, there 
         is an urgent need to more comprehensively evaluate resulting environmental a
         nd public health concerns. While antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ant
         ibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are increasingly coming under the spotlight,
          as emerging contaminants, existing water reuse regulations and guidelines d
         o not adequately address these concerns. This perspectives paper seeks to fr
         ame the various challenges that need to be resolved to identify meaningful a
         nd realistic target types and levels of antibiotic resistance benchmarks for
          water reuse. First, there is the need for standardized and agreed-upon meth
         odologies to identify and quantify ARB and ARGs. Second, even if methodologi
         es are available, identifying which ARB and ARGs to monitor that would best 
         relate to the occurrence of disease burden remains unknown. Third, a framewo
         rk tailored to assessing the risks associated with ARB and ARGs during reuse
          is urgently needed. Fourth, similar to protecting drinking water sources, s
         trategies to prevent dissemination of ARB and ARGs via wastewater treatment 
         and reuse are required to ensure that appropriate barriers are emplaced. Fin
         ally, current wastewater treatment technologies could benefit from modificat
         ion or retrofit to more effectively remove ARB and ARGs while also producing
          a high quality product for water and resource recovery. This perspectives p
         aper highlights the need to consider ARB and ARGs when evaluating the overal
         l safety aspects of water reuse and ways by which this may be accomplished.' (1595 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2073-4441' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3390/w10030244' (17 chars)
      uid => protected16812 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected16812 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected16812 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   24 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=16816, pid=124)
      originalId => protected16816 (integer)
      authors => protected'Nguyen,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;T.; Allemann,&nbsp;L.; Ziemba,&nbsp;C.; Larivé,&nbsp;O
         .; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Julian,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;R.' (123 chars)
      title => protected'Controlling bacterial pathogens in water for reuse: treatment technologies f
         or water recirculation in the Blue Diversion Autarky Toilet' (135 chars)
      journal => protected'Frontiers in Environmental Science' (34 chars)
      year => protected2017 (integer)
      volume => protected5 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'90 (13 pp.)' (11 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'water for reuse; pathogen; inactivation; regrowth; biologically active membr
         ane bioreactor; biostability' (104 chars)
      description => protected'The Blue Diversion AUTARKY Toilet is a urine-diverting toilet with on-site t
         reatment. The toilet is being developed to provide a safe and affordable san
         itation technology for people who lack access to sewer-based sanitation. Wat
         er used for personal hygiene, hand washing, and flushing to rinse urine- and
          feces-collection bowls is treated, stored, and recycled for reuse to reduce
          reliance on external water supplies. The system provides an opportunity to 
         investigate hygiene of water for reuse following treatment. Treatment in the
          toilet includes a Biologically Activated Membrane Bioreactor (BAMBi) follow
         ed by a secondary treatment technology. To identify effective secondary trea
         tment, three options, including granular activated carbon (GAC) only, GAC+ch
         lorine (sodium hypochlorite), and GAC+electrolysis are considered based on t
         he bacterial inactivation and growth inhibition efficiency. Four different h
         ygiene-relevant bacteria are tested: <i>Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faeca
         lis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium</i>. Our evaluation 
         demonstrates that—despite treatment of water with the BAMBi—<i>E. coli</
         i>, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium have the potential to grow during stor
         age in the absence of microbial competition. Including the indigenous microb
         ial community influences bacterial growth in different ways: <i>E. coli</i> 
         growth decreases but P. aeruginosa growth increases relative to no competiti
         on. The addition of the secondary treatment options considerably improves wa
         ter quality. A column of GAC after the BAMBi reduces <i>E. coli</i> growth p
         otential by 2 log<sub>10</sub>, likely due to the reduction of carbon source
         s. Additional treatments including chlorination and electrolysis provide fur
         ther safety margins, with more than 5 log<sub>10</sub> inactivation of <i>E.
          coli</i>. However, reactivation and/or regrowth of <i>E. coli</i> and P. ae
         ruginosa occurs under in the absence of residual disinfectant. Treatment inc
         luding the BAMBi, GAC, a...' (2123 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3389/fenvs.2017.00090' (24 chars)
      uid => protected16816 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected16816 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected16816 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   25 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=18418, pid=124)
      originalId => protected18418 (integer)
      authors => protected'Verbyla,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;E.; Pitol,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;K.; Navab-Daneshmand,&nbsp;T.;
          Marks,&nbsp;S.&nbsp;J.; Julian,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;R.' (124 chars)
      title => protected'Safely managed hygiene: a risk-based assessment of handwashing water quality' (76 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2019 (integer)
      volume => protected53 (integer)
      issue => protected'5' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'2852' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'2861' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 6.2.1 requires household handwa
         shing facilities to have soap and water, but there are no guidelines for han
         dwashing water quality. In contrast, drinking water quality guidelines are d
         efined: water must be “free from contamination” to be defined as “safe
         ly managed” (SDG Indicator 6.1.1). We modeled the hypothesized mechanism o
         f infection due to contaminated handwashing water to inform risk-based guide
         lines for microbial quality of handwashing water. We defined two scenarios t
         hat should not occur: (1) if handwashing caused fecal contamination, indicat
         ed using <em>Escherichia coli</em>, on a person’s hands to increase rather
          than decrease and (2) if hand-to-mouth contacts following handwashing cause
         d an infection risk greater than an acceptable threshold. We found water con
         taining &lt;1000 <em>E. coli</em> colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 mL remo
         ves <em>E. coli</em> from hands with&gt;99.9% probability. However, for the 
         annual probability of infection to be &lt;1:1000, handwashing water must con
         tain &lt;2 × 10<sup>−6</sup> focus-forming units of rotavirus, &lt;1 × 1
         0<sup>−4</sup> CFU of <em>Vibrio cholerae</em>, and &lt;9 × 10<sup>−6</
         sup><em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts per 100 mL. Our model suggests that han
         dwashing with nonpotable water will generally reduce fecal contamination on 
         hands but may be unable to lower the annual probability of infection risks f
         rom hand-to-mouth contacts below 1:1000.' (1484 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/acs.est.8b06156' (23 chars)
      uid => protected18418 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected18418 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected18418 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   26 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6669, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6669 (integer)
      authors => protected'Larsen,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.' (23 chars)
      title => protected'Redesigning wastewater infrastructure to improve resource efficiency' (68 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Science and Technology' (28 chars)
      year => protected2011 (integer)
      volume => protected63 (integer)
      issue => protected'11' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'2535' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'2541' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'global; wastewater; source separation; acceptance; compliance; resources; ur
         ine' (79 chars)
      description => protected'Resource efficiency of wastewater management is a question of optimizing at 
         the same time the management of resources in wastewater (e.g. water), the re
         sources spent on treatment and transport (e.g. energy), the natural resource
         s to protect (e.g. the receiving waters), and the anthropogenic resources (e
         .g. capital). For instance, wastewater can be treated to any given quality, 
         but only at the expense of energy and investment costs. Today, many up-comin
         g problems are solved incrementally, leading to resource consuming solutions
          optimized for water pollution control in well off countries, whereas large 
         parts of the world have at the best very simple wastewater treatment. From a
          global point of view, a system change is necessary in order to solve the im
         mense problems arising from global population growth, urban development and 
         climate change. Source separation is a promising concept for resource effici
         ent wastewater management, but a more concerted effort is necessary from the
          international community in order to develop competitive technologies and ov
         ercome the inflexibility of the present end-of-pipe technology. Much more re
         search and development are necessary, not only in the area of engineering, b
         ut also with respect to the socio-economic dimensions, especially in the are
         a of regulation, suitable governance and management models, and concerning t
         he involvement of industrial partners.' (1406 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0273-1223' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/wst.2011.502' (20 chars)
      uid => protected6669 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6669 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6669 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)