Department Process Engineering

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   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=12934, pid=124)
      originalId => protected12934 (integer)
      authors => protected'Florin, A.' (15 chars)
      title => protected'Full nitrification of urine by adding a base' (44 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2013 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'38 p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'With the goal of nutrient recovery, full nitrification of human urine is inv
         estigated for its stabilization in simple, decentralized reactors. In a firs
         t part of this work, undiluted urine was completely nitrified in a laborator
         y-scale moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), with automated dosage of a KHCO<s
         ub>3</sub> solution keeping the pH at 7.0-7.1. The effluent contained up to 
         2706 mg-N/L of nitrate; on average &gt; 99% of the total nitrogen. Maintaini
         ng low concentrations of ammonium and nitrite (generally below 1 ‰ and 4.7
         ‰ respectively of the influent total ammonia) proved to reduce the risks o
         f dramatic process instabilities due to inhibition with nitrous acid and fre
         e ammonia. Although full nitrification by adding a base presents several adv
         antages, for decentralized applications, it is recommended to add alkalinity
          in a way requiring less expensive and complex material than by dosing a bas
         ic solution.<br /> Hoping that calcite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) could be a simple 
         alternative to buffer nitrification, in a second part we studied the dissolu
         tion of chalk powder in synthetic urine solutions, both in the presence and 
         absence of phosphate. Experiments and simulations with PHREEQC verified the 
         hypothesis that phosphate may precipitate on the surface of calcite, and thu
         s slow down dissolution. In the absence of phosphate, calcite dissolved rapi
         dly until saturation of the solution. By contrast, with the high phosphate c
         oncentrations in stored urine (around 200-250 mg<sub>P</sub>/L), calcite dis
         solution was inhibited by the rapid formation of  amorphous calcium-phospha
         te (ACP; eventually converting into hydroxyapatite, HAP) directly on the par
         ticle’s surface, as was revealed by XRD and REM analysis. To prevent calci
         te passivation, precipitation of struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>•
         6H<sub>2</sub>O) is suggested before the full nitrification reactor.  In re
         al urine, the effect of biofilm growth directly on calcite may be of advanta
         ge to compensate possibl...' (2063 chars)
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   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=12976, pid=124)
      originalId => protected12976 (integer)
      authors => protected'Fritzsche,&nbsp;C.' (18 chars)
      title => protected'The formation of chlorinated organics during electrolytic urine treatment' (73 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2012 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'74&nbsp;p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'This master thesis is part of the VUNA project which aims for nutrient recov
         ery and treatment of urine in decentralized treatment facilities. Electrolys
         is is used to remove nitrogen through electrolytic ammonia oxidation. It is 
         a promising treatment option because it is not susceptible to inflow variati
         ons. However, a disadvantage of electrolysis is that chlorinated organics, w
         hich are dangerous for environmental and human health, might be formed.<br /
         > The overall goal of this master thesis is to analyze the processes of chlo
         rinated organics formation during electrolytic treatment of stored urine. Th
         e subgoals are to choose four chlorinated, organic substances of interest, t
         o develop a measurement method for these substances, to quantify the current
          efficiency in experiments with urine and to either accept or reject the fol
         lowing hypotheses: 1) Chlorinated organics are formed during the electrolyti
         c treatment of stored urine. 2) If the electrode potential applied in electr
         olytic urine treatment is lower than the potential needed for chloride oxida
         tion, no chlorinated organics are formed. [...]' (1111 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
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      uid => protected12976 (integer)
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   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10502, pid=124)
      originalId => protected10502 (integer)
      authors => protected'Fumasoli,&nbsp;A.; Etter,&nbsp;B.; Sterkele,&nbsp;B.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; U
         dert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.' (97 chars)
      title => protected'Operating a pilot-scale nitrification/distillation plant for complete nutrie
         nt recovery from urine' (98 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Science and Technology' (28 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected73 (integer)
      issue => protected'1' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'215' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'222' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'distillation; nitrification; nutrient recovery; source separation; urine tre
         atment; VUNA' (88 chars)
      description => protected'Source-separated urine contains most of the excreted nutrients, which can be
          recovered by using nitrification to stabilize the urine before concentratin
         g the nutrient solution with distillation. The aim of this study was to test
          this process combination at pilot scale. The nitrification process was effi
         
         
         up>−1</sup> after switching to more concentrated urine. At high nitrificat
         ion rates (640 mg N L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>) and low total ammonia
          concentrations (1,790 mg NH<sub>4</sub>-N L<sup>−1</sup> in influent) dis
         tillation caused the main primary energy demand of 71 W cap<sup>−1</sup> (
         nitrification: 13 W cap<sup>−1</sup>) assuming a nitrogen production of 8.
         8 g N cap<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>. Possible process failures include
          the accumulation of the nitrification intermediate nitrite and the selectio
         n of acid-tolerant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Especially during reactor sta
         rt-up, the process must therefore be carefully supervised. The concentrate p
         roduced by the nitrification/distillation process is low in heavy metals, bu
         t high in nutrients, suggesting a good suitability as an integral fertilizer
         .' (1293 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0273-1223' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/wst.2015.485' (20 chars)
      uid => protected10502 (integer)
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   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9203, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9203 (integer)
      authors => protected'Fumasoli,&nbsp;A.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.' (62 chars)
      title => protected'Modeling the low pH limit of <I>Nitrosomonas eutropha</I> in high-strength n
         itrogen wastewaters' (95 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected83 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'161' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'170' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'bioenergetics; intracellular pH; chemical speciation; buffer intensity; nitr
         ifiers' (82 chars)
      description => protected'In wastewater treatment, the rate of ammonia oxidation decreases with pH and
          stops very often slightly below a pH of 6. Free ammonia (NH<SUB>3</SUB>) li
         mitation, inhibition by nitrous acid (HNO<SUB>2</SUB>), limitation by inorga
         nic carbon or direct effect of high proton concentrations have been proposed
          to cause the rate decrease with pH as well as the cessation of ammonia oxid
         ation. In this study, we compare an exponential pH term common for food micr
         obiology with conventionally applied rate laws based on Monod-type kinetics 
         for NH<SUB>3</SUB> limitation and non-competitive HNO<SUB>2</SUB> inhibition
          as well as sigmoidal pH functions to model the low pH limit of ammonia oxid
         izing bacteria (AOB). For this purpose we conducted well controlled batch ex
         periments which were then simulated with a computer model. The results showe
         d that kinetics based on NH<SUB>3</SUB> limitation and HNO<SUB>2</SUB> inhib
         ition can explain the rate decrease of ammonia oxidation between pH 7 and 6,
          but fail in predicting the pH limit of <I>Nitrosomonas eutropha</I> at pH 5
         .4 and rates close to that limit. This is where the exponential pH term beco
         mes important: this term decreases the rate of ammonia oxidation to zero, as
          the pH limit approaches. Previously proposed sigmoidal pH functions that af
         fect large pH regions, however, led to an overestimation of the pH effect an
         d could therefore not be applied successfully. We show that the proposed exp
         onential pH term can be explained quantitatively with thermodynamic principl
         es: at low pH values, the energy available from the proton motive force is t
         oo small for the NADH production in <I>Nitrosomonas eutropha</I> and related
          AOB causing an energy limited state of the bacterial cell. Hence, energy li
         mitation and not inhibition or limitation of enzymes is responsible for the 
         cessation of the AOB activity at low pH values.' (1871 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.013' (28 chars)
      uid => protected9203 (integer)
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   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=13135, pid=124)
      originalId => protected13135 (integer)
      authors => protected'Huber,&nbsp;S.&nbsp;J.' (22 chars)
      title => protected'Temperature dependent removal of sodium chloride (NaCl) from synthetic nitri
         fied urine' (86 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2011 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'46&nbsp;p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Urine is the source of the major part of plant nutrients in municipal wastew
         ater. Therefore, full nutrient recovery from source-separated urine is an at
         tractive option for both treating wastewater and gaining a valuable fertiliz
         er product. Full nutrient recovery can be achieved by first stabilizing coll
         ected urine by nitrification and then concentrating the urine by distillatio
         n. Since concentrations of all salts in urine increase with increasing remov
         al of water also the sodium chloride (NaCl) content is high in the end. Ther
         e are two problems related to NaCl, the first being the synergistic decompos
         ition of ammonium nitrate by chloride and the second being soil salinity and
          sodicity related problems when applying the product as fertilizer. [...]' (757 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected13135 (integer)
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   5 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=8239, pid=124)
      originalId => protected8239 (integer)
      authors => protected'Mašić,&nbsp;A.; Santos,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;L.; Etter,&nbsp;B.; Udert,&nb
         sp;K.&nbsp;M.; Villez,&nbsp;K.' (106 chars)
      title => protected'Estimation of nitrite in source-separated nitrified urine with UV spectropho
         tometry' (83 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected85 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'244' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'254' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'nitrification; online nitrite measurement; principal component regression; s
         ource-separated urine; UV spectrophotometry' (119 chars)
      description => protected'Monitoring of nitrite is essential for an immediate response and prevention 
         of irreversible failure of decentralized biological urine nitrification reac
         tors. Although a few sensors are available for nitrite measurement, none of 
         them are suitable for applications in which both nitrite and nitrate are pre
         sent in very high concentrations. Such is the case in collected source-separ
         ated urine, stabilized by nitrification for long-term storage. Ultraviolet (
         UV) spectrophotometry in combination with chemometrics is a promising option
          for monitoring of nitrite. In this study, an immersible in situ UV sensor i
         s investigated for the first time so to establish a relationship between UV 
         absorbance spectra and nitrite concentrations in nitrified urine. The study 
         focuses on the effects of suspended particles and saturation on the absorban
         ce spectra and the chemometric model performance. Detailed analysis indicate
         s that suspended particles in nitrified urine have a negligible effect on ni
         trite estimation, concluding that sample filtration is not necessary as pret
         reatment. In contrast, saturation due to very high concentrations affects th
         e model performance severely, suggesting dilution as an essential sample pre
         paration step. However, this can also be mitigated by simple removal of the 
         saturated, lower end of the UV absorbance spectra, and extraction of informa
         tion from the secondary, weaker nitrite absorbance peak. This approach allow
         s for estimation of nitrite with a simple chemometric model and without samp
         le dilution. These results are promising for a practical application of the 
         UV sensor as an in situ nitrite measurement in a urine nitrification reactor
          given the exceptional quality of the nitrite estimates in comparison to pre
         vious studies.' (1762 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.031' (28 chars)
      uid => protected8239 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected8239 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected8239 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   6 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=12950, pid=124)
      originalId => protected12950 (integer)
      authors => protected'Remmele,&nbsp;A.' (16 chars)
      title => protected'The influence of anode material and current density on the emissions of disi
         nfection by-products (DBPs) during electrolytic treatment of stored urine' (149 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2013 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'33&nbsp;p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Electrolysis of source separated urine is an efficient technology for COD an
         d ammonia removal. Despite a huge of research about electrochemical treatmen
         t of wastewater the formation and emission of toxic and carcinogenic disinfe
         ction by-products (DBPs), is still not understoood in detail. The aim of thi
         s masterthesis is to contribute to the optimisation of the electrolysis of s
         tored urine by a better understanding of the DBP formation.<br /> For this p
         urpose two control variables, anode material and current density, are invest
         igated. DBP formation was analysed in nine galvanostatic experiments with th
         e anode materials boron-doped diamond (BDD), iridium dioxide (Ti/IrO<sub>2</
         sub>) and graphite. Current densities of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>
          were applied to a discontinuous electrolysis cell filled with 350 mL of sto
         red urine. The gas above the electrolyte was extracted and drawn through two
          traps in series filled with dodecane by a gas pump. Periodically taken samp
         les from the reactor were analysed with GCMS, IC and Hach Dr. Lange tests fo
         r concentrations of six selected DBPs, COD, ammonia, Chloride and Chlorate. 
         Samples from the raps were analysed for DBP concentrations. [...]' (1205 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected12950 (integer)
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   7 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6826, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6826 (integer)
      authors => protected'Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Wächter,&nbsp;M.' (41 chars)
      title => protected'Complete nutrient recovery from source-separated urine by nitrification and 
         distillation' (88 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2012 (integer)
      volume => protected46 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'453' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'464' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR); evaporation; primary energy demand;
          nutrient recovery; fertilizer; ammonium nitrate; NoMix technology' (142 chars)
      description => protected'In this study we present a method to recover all nutrients from source-separ
         ated urine in a dry solid by combining biological nitrification with distill
         ation. In a first process step, a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor was opera
         ted stably for more than 12 months, producing a nutrient solution with a pH 
         between 6.2 and 7.0 (depending on the pH set-point), and an ammonium to nitr
         ate ratio between 0.87 and 1.15 gN gN<SUP>−1</SUP>. The maximum nitrificat
         ion rate was 1.8 ± 0.3 gN m<SUP>−2</SUP> d<SUP>−1</SUP>. Process stabil
         ity was achieved by controlling the pH via the influent. In the second proce
         ss step, real nitrified urine and synthetic solutions were concentrated in l
         ab-scale distillation reactors. All nutrients were recovered in a dry powder
          except for some ammonia (less than 3% of total nitrogen). We estimate that 
         the primary energy demand for a simple nitrification/distillation process is
          four to five times higher than removing nitrogen and phosphorus in a conven
         tional wastewater treatment plant and producing the equivalent amount of pho
         sphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. However, the primary energy demand can be 
         reduced to values very close to conventional treatment, if 80% of the water 
         is removed with reverse osmosis and distillation is operated with vapor comp
         ression. The ammonium nitrate content of the solid residue is below the limi
         t at which stringent EU safety regulations for fertilizers come into effect;
          nevertheless, we propose some additional process steps that will increase t
         he thermal stability of the solid product.' (1562 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.020' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6826 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6826 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6826 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   8 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9171, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9171 (integer)
      authors => protected'Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Buckley,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;A.; Wächter,&nbsp;M.; McArdel
         l,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Kohn,&nbsp;T.; Strande,&nbsp;L.; Zöllig,&nbsp;H.; Fumas
         oli,&nbsp;A.; Oberson,&nbsp;A.; Etter,&nbsp;B.' (198 chars)
      title => protected'Technologies for the treatment of source-separated urine in the eThekwini Mu
         nicipality' (86 chars)
      journal => protected'Water SA' (8 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected41 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'212' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'221' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'sanitation; source separation; nutrient recovery; eutrophication; hygiene; h
         uman health' (87 chars)
      description => protected'In recent years, a large number of urine-diverting dehydration toilets (UDDT
         s) have been installed in eThekwini to ensure access to adequate sanitation.
          The initial purpose of these toilets was to facilitate faeces drying, while
          the urine was diverted into a soak pit. This practice can lead to environme
         ntal pollution, since urine contains high amounts of nutrients. Instead of p
         olluting the environment, these nutrients should be recovered and used as fe
         rtiliser. In 2010 the international and transdisciplinary research project V
         UNA was initiated in order to explore technologies and management methods fo
         r better urine management in eThekwini. Three treatment technologies have be
         en chosen for the VUNA project. The first is struvite precipitation, a techn
         ology which has already been tested in multiple projects on urine treatment.
          Struvite precipitation is a simple and fast process for phosphorus recovery
         . Other nutrients, such as nitrogen and potassium, remain in the effluent an
         d pathogens are not completely inactivated. Therefore, struvite precipitatio
         n has to be combined with other treatment processes to prevent environmental
          pollution and hygiene risks. The second process is a combination of nitrifi
         cation and distillation. This process combination is more complex than struv
         ite precipitation, but it recovers all nutrients in one concentrated solutio
         n, ensures safe sanitisation and produces only distilled water and a small a
         mount of sludge as by-products. The third process is electrolysis. This proc
         ess could be used for very small on-site reactors, because conversion rates 
         are high and the operation is simple, as long as appropriate electrodes and 
         voltages are used. However, nitrogen is removed and not recovered and chlori
         nated by-products are formed, which can be hazardous for human health. While
          urine electrolysis requires further research in the laboratory, struvite pr
         ecipitation and nitrification/distillation have already been operated at pil
         ot scale.' (1985 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0378-4738' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.4314/wsa.v41i2.06' (20 chars)
      uid => protected9171 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9171 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected9171 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=12971, pid=124)
      originalId => protected12971 (integer)
      authors => protected'Uhlmann,&nbsp;C.' (16 chars)
      title => protected'Dynamics of complete and partial nitrification of source-separated urine' (72 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2014 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'32&nbsp;p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'In this thesis the resilience of complete and partial nitrification of sourc
         e-separated urine under dynamic conditions were investigated and compared. T
         he process stability of nitrification reactors is important for their commer
         cial application. In partial nitrification the alkalinity contained in urine
          allows nitrifying 50% of the ammonia whereas in complete nitrification the 
         dosage of a base allows the nitrification of almost 100% of the ammonia. Due
          to considerations about Monod kinetic substrate limitation of Ammonia Oxidi
         zing Bacteria (AOB) it was hypothesized that complete nitrification is more 
         prone to nitrite accumulation and therefore less stable than partial nitrifi
         cation. A computer model based on Monod kinetics should help to understand t
         he processes and the resilience of urine nitrification reactors. Laboratory 
         experiments were conducted in 7 L moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) to anal
         yze the behavior of the two processes in respect to changes in temperature a
         nd inflow. The total ammonia concentration in the inflow was on average 1750
         ±150 mg N L<sup>-1</sup>. Complete nitrification has at same conditions a l
         ower nitrification rate than partial nitrification due to the lower ammonia 
         concentration in the reactor. In order to reach comparable nitrification rat
         es complete and partial nitrification reactors were therefore operated at tw
         o different pH values of 7 and 6 respectively. The average nitrification rat
         e in complete nitrification was 1.08±0.17 g N m-2 d-1 and in parital nitrif
         ication 0.90±0.25 g N m-2 d-1 with regard to biofilm carrier surface (Kaldn
         es<sup>®</sup>). During all experiments no essential difference of process 
         stability between complete and partial nitrification were observed. Both pro
         cesses remained stable during temperature fluctuations between 20 °C and 32
          °C when urine inflow was constant. pH-diven inflow control led to substant
         ial nitrite accumulation and to a break down of nitrification due to an incr
         ease of the inflow cause...' (2577 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected12971 (integer)
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   10 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=14275, pid=124)
      originalId => protected14275 (integer)
      authors => protected'Zöllig,&nbsp;H.; Remmele,&nbsp;A.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp
         ;M.' (79 chars)
      title => protected'Removal rates and energy demand of the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia 
         and organic substances in real stored urine' (119 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology' (52 chars)
      year => protected2017 (integer)
      volume => protected3 (integer)
      issue => protected'3' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'480' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'491' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'The separate collection and treatment of urine allows for an environmentally
          friendly and cost-efficient management of the nutrients contained in urine.
          The primary goal should be to recover all these nutrients. However, in some
          cases it will be economically or ecologically more sensitive to recover onl
         y the phosphorus, while nitrogen is removed together with organic substances
          (measured as chemical oxygen demand, COD) and pathogens. In this study, we 
         investigated the use of galvanostatic electrolysis for the removal of nitrog
         en and COD from real stored urine. Non-active type boron-doped diamond (BDD)
          and active type thermally decomposed iridium oxide film (TDIROF) anodes wer
         e evaluated using batch experiments. On both anodes, ammonia was exclusively
          removed by indirect oxidation with active chlorine (AC: Cl<SUB>2</SUB>, HCl
         O, and ClO<SUP>−</SUP>). As a consequence, ammonia was not completely remo
         ved, if chlorine was consumed by competing processes. While COD was present,
         
         
         UP> d<SUP>−1</SUP> at 20 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>). The reason for the slower 
         ammonia removal on BDD was the enhanced reaction of AC with organic molecule
         s. In fact, hydroxyl radicals broke organic molecules down to shorter chain 
         molecules which reacted with most of the AC leaving only little AC for the o
         xidation of ammonia. This preferential oxidation of organics resulted in ver
         y high COD removal rates on BDD (above 420 gCOD m<SUP>−2</SUP> d<SUP>−1<
         /SUP> at 20 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> for COD concentrations above 1000 mgCOD L<S
         UP>−1</SUP>). A main drawback of electrolysis with both anodes was the hig
         h energy demand (BDD: 55 W h gCOD<SUP>−1</SUP> and 766 W h gN<SUP>−1</SU
         P> for 90% and 6% removal, respectively. TDIROF: 67 W h gCOD<SUP>−1</SUP> 
         
         ' (2226 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2053-1400' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1039/c7ew00014f' (18 chars)
      uid => protected14275 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected14275 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected14275 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   11 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=8021, pid=124)
      originalId => protected8021 (integer)
      authors => protected'Zöllig,&nbsp;H.; Fritzsche,&nbsp;C.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nb
         sp;M.' (81 chars)
      title => protected'Direct electrochemical oxidation of ammonia on graphite as a treatment optio
         n for stored source-separated urine' (111 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected69 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'284' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'294' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'NoMix technology; nitrogen removal; decentralized; on-site; potential contro
         lled electrolysis; chlorinated by-products' (118 chars)
      description => protected'Electrolysis can be a viable technology for ammonia removal from source-sepa
         rated urine. Compared to biological nitrogen removal, electrolysis is more r
         obust and is highly amenable to automation, which makes it especially attrac
         tive for on-site reactors. In electrolytic wastewater treatment, ammonia is 
         usually removed by indirect oxidation through active chlorine which is produ
         ced in-situ at elevated anode potentials. However, the evolution of chlorine
          can lead to the formation of chlorate, perchlorate, chlorinated organic by-
         products and chloramines that are toxic. This study focuses on using direct 
         ammonia oxidation on graphite at low anode potentials in order to overcome t
         he formation of toxic by-products. With the aid of cyclic voltammetry, we de
         monstrated that graphite is active for direct ammonia oxidation without conc
         omitant chlorine formation if the anode potential is between 1.1 and 1.6 V 
         vs. SHE (standard hydrogen electrode). A comparison of potentiostatic bulk e
         lectrolysis experiments in synthetic stored urine with and without chloride 
         confirmed that ammonia was removed exclusively by continuous direct oxidatio
         n. Direct oxidation required high pH values (pH > 9) because free ammonia 
         was the actual reactant. In real stored urine (pH = 9.0), an ammonia remov
         al rate of 2.9 ± 0.3 gN·m<SUP>−2</SUP>·d<SUP>−1</SUP> was achieved
          and the specific energy demand was 42 Wh·gN<SUP>−1</SUP> at an anode po
         tential of 1.31 V vs. SHE. The measurements of chlorate and perchlorate as 
         well as selected chlorinated organic by-products confirmed that no chlorinat
         ed by-products were formed in real urine. Electrode corrosion through graphi
         te exfoliation was prevented and the surface was not poisoned by intermediat
         e oxidation products. We conclude that direct ammonia oxidation on graphite 
         electrodes is a treatment option for source-separated urine with three major
          advantages: The formation of chlorinated by-products is prevented, less ene
         rgy is consumed than in ...' (2106 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.031' (28 chars)
      uid => protected8021 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected8021 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected8021 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   12 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9174, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9174 (integer)
      authors => protected'Zöllig,&nbsp;H.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.' (61 chars)
      title => protected'Inhibition of direct electrolytic ammonia oxidation due to a change in local
          pH' (79 chars)
      journal => protected'Electrochimica Acta' (19 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected165 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'348' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'355' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'iridium dioxide; low alkalinity; water treatment; Nernstian diffusion layer;
          acid-base equilibrium' (98 chars)
      description => protected'Electrochemical ammonia oxidation has gained a lot of attention recently as 
         an efficient method for ammonia removal from wastewater, for the use in ammo
         nia-based fuel cells and the production of high purity hydrogen. Thermally d
         ecomposed iridium oxide films (TDIROF) have been shown to be catalytically a
         ctive for direct ammonia oxidation in aqueous solutions if NH<SUB>3</SUB> is
          present. However, the process was reported to be rapidly inhibited on TDIRO
         F. Herein, we show that this fast inhibition of direct ammonia oxidation doe
         s not result from surface poisoning by adsorbed elemental nitrogen (N<SUB>ad
         s</SUB>). Instead, we propose that direct ammonia oxidation and oxygen evolu
         tion can lead to a drop of the local pH at the electrode resulting in a low 
         availability of the actual reactant, NH<SUB>3</SUB>. The hypothesis was test
         ed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments on stagnant and rotating disk el
         ectrodes (RDE). The CV experiments on the stagnant electrode revealed that t
         he decrease of the ammonia oxidation peaks was considerably reduced by intro
         ducing an idle phase at open circuit potential between subsequent scans. Fur
         thermore, the polarization of the TDIROF electrode into the hydrogen evoluti
         on region (HER) resulted in increased ammonia oxidation peaks in the followi
         ng anodic scans which can be explained with an increased local pH after the 
         consumption of protons in the HER. On the RDE, the ammonia oxidation peaks d
         id not decrease in immediately consecutive scans. These findings would not b
         e expected if surface poisoning was responsible for the fast inhibition but 
         they are in good agreement with the proposed mechanism of pH induced limitat
         ion by the reactant, NH<SUB>3</SUB>. The plausibility of the mechanism was a
         lso supported by our numerical simulations of the processes in the Nernstian
          diffusion layer. The knowledge about this inhibition mechanism of direct am
         monia oxidation is especially important for the design of electrochemical ce
         lls for wastewater treat...' (2131 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-4686' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.162' (31 chars)
      uid => protected9174 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9174 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected9174 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   13 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=13606, pid=124)
      originalId => protected13606 (integer)
      authors => protected'Zöllig,&nbsp;H.' (16 chars)
      title => protected'Electrolysis for the treatment of stored source-separated urine' (63 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'147&nbsp;p' (10 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Electrolysis is a promising technology for the on-site treatment of source-s
         eparated urine. It is the many degrees of freedom (electrode material, elect
         rode potential, current density, cell design), the electrical conductivity o
         f urine and the high amenability to automation which make electrolysis attra
         ctive. It was the objective of this thesis to understand the electro-oxidati
         on of organic substances and ammonia to apply electrolysis successfully for 
         the removal of these compounds from stored source-separated urine. To achiev
         e this goal, a variety of electrochemical experiments were conducted with an
         odes consisting of boron-doped diamond (BDD), thermally decomposed iridium o
         xide film (TDIROF) or graphite and a new experimental procedure was develope
         d to assess the time dependent production of volatile organic chlorination b
         y-products (OCBPs). [...]<br /><br />Die Elektrolyse ist eine vielverspreche
         nde Technologie für die Behandlung von Urin. Es sind die vielen Freiheitsgr
         ade (Elektrodenmaterialien, Elektrodenpotential, Stromdichte, Zellendesign),
          die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Urins sowie das hohe Automatisierungspot
         ential, welche die Elektrolyse attraktiv machen. Es war das Ziel dieser Arbe
         it, die elektrochemische Oxidation von organischen Substanzen und Ammoniak z
         u verstehen, um diese für die dezentrale Behandlung von gelagertem Urin anz
         uwenden. Es wurden elektrochemische Experimente mit Bor-versetzten Diamant-(
         BDD), thermisch hergestellten Iridiumoxidfilm- (TDIROF) und Graphitanoden du
         rchgeführt. Um dabei die Entstehung von leichtflüchtigen, chlorierten Nebe
         nprodukten (CNPs) zu verfolgen, wurde eine neue experimentelle Methode entwi
         ckelt. [...]' (1684 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3929/ethz-a-010549050' (24 chars)
      uid => protected13606 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected13606 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected13606 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   14 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9219, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9219 (integer)
      authors => protected'Zöllig,&nbsp;H.; Remmele,&nbsp;A.; Fritzsche,&nbsp;C.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.;
          Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.' (99 chars)
      title => protected'Formation of chlorination byproducts and their emission pathways in chlorine
          mediated electro-oxidation of urine on active and nonactive type anodes' (148 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected49 (integer)
      issue => protected'18' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'11062' (5 chars)
      otherpage => protected'11069' (5 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Chlorination byproducts (CBPs) are harmful to human health and the environme
         nt. Their formation in chlorine mediated electro-oxidation is a concern for 
         electrochemical urine treatment. We investigated the formation of chlorate, 
         perchlorate, and organic chlorination byproducts (OCBPs) during galvanostati
         c (10, 15, 20 mA·cm<SUP>–2</SUP>) electro-oxidation of urine on boron-dop
         ed diamond (BDD) and thermally decomposed iridium oxide film (TDIROF) anodes
         . In the beginning of the batch experiments, the production of perchlorate w
         as prevented by competing active chlorine and chlorate formation as well as 
         by direct oxidation of organic substances. Perchlorate was only formed at hi
         gher specific charges (>17 Ah·L<SUP>–1</SUP> on BDD and >29 Ah·L<SUP>–
         1</SUP> on TDIROF) resulting in chlorate and perchlorate being the dominant 
         CBPs (>90% of initial chloride). BDD produced mainly short chained OCBPs (di
         chloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane), whereas longer cha
         ined OCBPs (1,2-dichloropropane and 1,2-dichloroethane) were more frequently
          found on TDIROF. The OCBPs were primarily eliminated by electrochemical str
         ipping: On BDD, this pathway accounted for 40% (dichloromethane) to 100% (te
         trachloromethane) and on TDIROF for 90% (1,2-dichloroethane) to 100% (trichl
         oromethane) of what was produced. A post-treatment of the liquid as well as 
         the gas phase should be foreseen if CBP formation cannot be prevented by eli
         minating chloride or organic substances in a pretreatment.' (1502 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/acs.est.5b01675' (23 chars)
      uid => protected9219 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9219 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected9219 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)

array(2 items)
   publications => '8240,9211,8069,6772' (19 chars)
   libraryUrl => '' (0 chars)

array(4 items)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=8240, pid=124)
      originalId => protected8240 (integer)
      authors => protected'Bischel, H. N.; Özel Duygan, B. D.; Strande, L.; M
         cArdell, C. S.; Udert, K. M.; Kohn, T.' (139 chars)
      title => protected'Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South 
         Africa' (82 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected85 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'57' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'65' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'urine nutrient recovery; health hazards; risk; sustainable sanitation' (69 chars)
      description => protected'In eThekwini, South Africa, the production of agricultural fertilizers from 
         human urine collected from urine-diverting dry toilets is being evaluated at
          a municipality scale as a way to help finance a decentralized, dry sanitati
         on system. The present study aimed to assess a range of human and environmen
         tal health hazards in source-separated urine, which was presumed to be conta
         minated with feces, by evaluating the presence of human pathogens, pharmaceu
         ticals, and an antibiotic resistance gene. Composite urine samples from hous
         eholds enrolled in a urine collection trial were obtained from urine storage
          tanks installed in three regions of eThekwini. Polymerase chain reaction (P
         CR) assays targeted 9 viral and 10 bacterial human pathogens transmitted by 
         the fecal–oral route. The most frequently detected viral pathogens were JC
          polyomavirus, rotavirus, and human adenovirus in 100%, 34% and 31% of sampl
         es, respectively. <I>Aeromonas</I> spp. and <I>Shigella</I> spp. were freque
         ntly detected gram negative bacteria, in 94% and 61% of samples, respectivel
         y. The gram positive bacterium, <I>Clostridium perfringens</I>, which is kno
         wn to survive for extended times in urine, was found in 72% of samples. A sc
         reening of 41 trace organic compounds in the urine facilitated selection of 
         12 priority pharmaceuticals for further evaluation. The antibiotics sulfamet
         hoxazole and trimethoprim, which are frequently prescribed as prophylaxis fo
         r HIV-positive patients, were detected in 95% and 85% of samples, reaching m
         aximum concentrations of 6800 μg/L and 1280 μg/L, respectively. The anti
         retroviral drug emtricitabine was also detected in 40% of urine samples. A s
         ulfonamide antibiotic resistance gene (<I>sul1</I>) was detected in 100% of 
         urine samples. By coupling analysis of pathogens and pharmaceuticals in geog
         raphically dispersed samples in eThekwini, this study reveals a range of hum
         an and environmental health hazards in urine intended for fertilizer product
         ion. Collection of urine...' (2323 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.022' (28 chars)
      uid => protected8240 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected8240 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected8240 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9211, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9211 (integer)
      authors => protected'Bischel,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;N.; Schertenleib,&nbsp;A.; Fumasoli,&nbsp;A.; Udert,&n
         bsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Kohn,&nbsp;T.' (105 chars)
      title => protected'Inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogen surroga
         tes during urine nitrification' (106 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology' (52 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected1 (integer)
      issue => protected'1' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'65' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'76' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'This paper assesses the inactivation performance and mechanisms in urine nit
         rification reactors using bacteria and bacteriophages as surrogates for huma
         n pathogens. Two parallel continuous-flow moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs
         ) were operated over a two-month period. One MBBR was used to conduct a cont
         inuous spike experiment with bacteriophage MS2. The second reactor provided 
         the matrix for a series of batch experiments conducted to investigate the in
         activation of <I>Salmonella typhimurium</I>, <I>Enterococcus</I> spp., MS2, 
         Qβ, and ΦX174 during urine nitrification. The roles of aeration, biologica
         l activity, and solution composition in inactivation were evaluated. Whereas
          bacteriophages ΦX174 and MS2 remained infective following urine nitrificat
         ion, partial inactivation of bacteriophage Qβ was observed. Qβ inactivatio
         n was attributed primarily to aeration with a potential additive effect of b
         iological processes, <I>i.e.</I>, processes that are attributable to the pre
         sence of other microorganisms such as sorption to biomass, predation or enzy
         matic activity. Tailing of Qβ inactivation to a plateau indicated a protect
         ive effect of the solution components in aerated nitrification reactors. In 
         contrast to the bacteriophages, <I>S</I>. <I>typhimurium</I> and <I>Enteroco
         ccus</I> spp. were mainly affected by biological processes: they were inacti
         vated in biologically active nitrification reactors while remaining stable i
         n chemically equivalent filtered controls. The tested bacteria could, for ex
         ample, be out-competed by other microbial communities or sorbed to biomass i
         n the reactor. Microbial communities did not adapt to inactivate bacteriopha
         ge MS2 (<I>e.g.</I>, <I>via</I> increased prevalence of virus predators) in 
         the experimental time-scale evaluated, with no observed inactivation of MS2 
         during continuous input for 51 days in the flow-through MBBR. The compilatio
         n of these results suggests that biological nitrification as a fertilizer pr
         oduction process remains...' (2089 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2053-1400' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1039/c4ew00065j' (18 chars)
      uid => protected9211 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9211 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected9211 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=8069, pid=124)
      originalId => protected8069 (integer)
      authors => protected'Decrey,&nbsp;L.; Kazama,&nbsp;S.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Kohn,&nbsp;T.' (71 chars)
      title => protected'Ammonia as an in situ sanitizer: inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of the
          ssRNA virus MS2 by NH<SUB>3</SUB>' (110 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected49 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'1060' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'1067' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Sanitizing human and animal waste (e.g., urine, fecal sludge, or grey water)
          is a critical step in reducing the spread of disease and ensuring microbial
         ly safe reuse of waste materials. Viruses are particularly persistent pathog
         ens and can be transmitted through inadequately sanitized waste. However, ad
         equate storage or digestion of waste can strongly reduce the number of virus
         es due to increases in pH and uncharged aqueous ammonia (NH<SUB>3</SUB>), a 
         known biocide. In this study we investigated the kinetics and mechanisms of 
         inactivation of the single-stranded RNA virus MS2 under temperature, pH and 
         NH<SUB>3</SUB> conditions representative of waste storage. MS2 inactivation 
         was mainly controlled by the activity of NH<SUB>3</SUB> over a pH range of 7
         .0–9.5 and temperatures lower than 40 °C. Other bases (e.g., hydroxide, c
         arbonate) additionally contributed to the observed reduction of infective MS
         2. The loss in MS2 infectivity could be rationalized by a loss in genome int
         egrity, which was attributed to genome cleavage via alkaline transesterifica
         tion. The contribution of each base to genome transesterification, and hence
          inactivation, could be related to the base p<I>K</I><SUB>a</SUB> by means o
         f a Bronsted relationship. The Bronsted relationship in conjunction with the
          activity of bases in solution enabled an accurate prediction of MS2 inactiv
         ation rates.' (1380 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es5044529' (17 chars)
      uid => protected8069 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected8069 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected8069 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6772, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6772 (integer)
      authors => protected'Decrey,&nbsp;L.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Tilley,&nbsp;E.; Pecson,&nbsp;B.&nb
         sp;M.; Kohn,&nbsp;T.' (96 chars)
      title => protected'Fate of the pathogen indicators phage ΦX174 and <I>Ascaris suum</I> eggs du
         ring the production of struvite fertilizer from source-separated urine' (146 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2011 (integer)
      volume => protected45 (integer)
      issue => protected'16' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'4960' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'4972' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'struvite; urine separation; Ascaris; phage; filter cake; moisture content' (73 chars)
      description => protected'Human urine has the potential to be a sustainable, locally and continuously 
         available source of nutrients for agriculture. Phosphate can be efficiently 
         recovered from human urine in the form of the mineral struvite (MgNH<SUB>4</
         SUB>PO<SUB>4</SUB>·6H<SUB>2</SUB>O). However, struvite formation may be cou
         pled with the precipitation of other constituents present in urine including
          pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals. To determine if struvite fert
         ilizer presents a microbiological health risk to producers and end users, we
          characterized the fate of a human virus surrogate (phage ΦX174) and the eg
         gs of the helminth <I>Ascaris suum</I> during a low-cost struvite recovery p
         rocess. While the concentration of phages was similar in both the struvite a
         nd the urine, <I>Ascaris</I> eggs accumulated within the solid during the pr
         ecipitation and filtration process. Subsequent air-drying of the struvite fi
         lter cake partially inactivated both microorganisms; however, viable <I>Asca
         ris</I> eggs and infective phages were still detected after several days of 
         drying. The infectivity of both viruses and eggs was affected by the specifi
         c struvite drying conditions: higher inactivation generally occurred with in
         creased air temperature and decreased relative humidity. On a log–log scal
         e, phage inactivation increased linearly with decreasing moisture content of
          the struvite, while <I>Ascaris</I> inactivation occurred only after achievi
         ng a minimum moisture threshold. Sunlight exposure did not directly affect t
         he infectivity of phages or <I>Ascaris</I> eggs in struvite cakes, though th
         e resultant rise in temperature accelerated the drying of the struvite cake,
          which contributed to inactivation.' (1707 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.042' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6772 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6772 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6772 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)

array(2 items)
   publications => '9162' (4 chars)
   libraryUrl => '' (0 chars)

array(1 item)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9162, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9162 (integer)
      authors => protected'Bonvin, C.; Etter, B.; Udert, K. M.; Frossard, E.; 
         Nanzer, S.; Tamburini, F.; Oberson, A.' (129 chars)
      title => protected'Plant uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen recycled from synthetic source-separ
         ated urine' (86 chars)
      journal => protected'Ambio' (5 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected44 (integer)
      issue => protected'Suppl. 2' (8 chars)
      startpage => protected'S217' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'S227' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'human urine; struvite; nitrified urine fertilizer; phosphorus; 33P and 15N l
         abeling; nutrient use efficiency' (108 chars)
      description => protected'Urine contains about 50 % of the phosphorus (P) and about 90 % of the nitr
         ogen (N) excreted by humans and is therefore an interesting substrate for nu
         trient recovery. Source-separated urine can be used to precipitate struvite 
         or, through a newly developed technology, nitrified urine fertilizer (NUF). 
         In this study, we prepared <SUP>33</SUP>P radioisotope- and stable <SUP>15</
         SUP>N isotope-labeled synthetic NUF (SNUF) and struvite using synthetic urin
         e and determined P and N uptake by greenhouse-grown ryegrass (<I>Lolium mult
         iflorum</I> var. Gemini) fertilized with these products. The P and N in the 
         urine-based fertilizers were as readily plant-available in a slightly acidic
          soil as the P and N in reference mineral fertilizers. The ryegrass crop rec
         overed 26 % of P applied with both urine-based fertilizers and 72 and 75 %
          of N applied as struvite and SNUF, respectively. Thus, NUF and urine-derive
         d struvite are valuable N and P recycling fertilizers.' (966 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0044-7447' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1007/s13280-014-0616-6' (25 chars)
      uid => protected9162 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9162 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected9162 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)

array(2 items)
   publications => '6901,12302,13159' (16 chars)
   libraryUrl => '' (0 chars)

array(3 items)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6901, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6901 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hug, T.; Maurer, M.' (29 chars)
      title => protected'Stochastic modeling to identify requirements for centralized monitoring of d
         istributed wastewater treatment' (107 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Science and Technology' (28 chars)
      year => protected2012 (integer)
      volume => protected65 (integer)
      issue => protected'6' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'1067' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'1075' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'distributed wastewater treatment; failure rate; monitoring; on-line sensor; 
         stochastic modeling; treatment performance' (118 chars)
      description => protected'Distributed wastewater treatment is increasingly considered as an alternativ
         e to the predominantly transport based combination of sewer network and cent
         ralized wastewater treatment plant. If substantial amount of wastewater of a
          particular area is processed in small distributed treatment units, the sum 
         of these units must be considered as one system providing an overall service
         . This paper focuses on the monitoring for centralized operation of such dis
         tributed units. We present a simple stochastic model to calculate probabilit
         y distributions of process performance. We thereby simulated a fleet of simp
         le treatment units with stochastic failure rates, unreliable sensors and reg
         ular routine inspections. All calculated performance indicators exhibit a co
         nsiderable difference between the true performance and the perceived that is
          based on sensor observations. The results also show that there is a trade-o
         ff between investing into more reliable technology or into more frequent hum
         an interventions to achieve a certain performance. The simulations can quant
         ify both effects and thereby support the identification of requirements for 
         centralized monitoring of distributed treatment units. The model approach is
          generic and can be extended and applied to various distributed wastewater t
         reatment technologies and contexts.' (1327 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0273-1223' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/wst.2012.945' (20 chars)
      uid => protected6901 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6901 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6901 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=12302, pid=124)
      originalId => protected12302 (integer)
      authors => protected'Hug, T.; Maurer, M.' (29 chars)
      title => protected'Stochastic modeling to identify requirements for centralized monitoring of d
         istributed wastewater treatment' (107 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2011 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'(8 pp.)' (7 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'distributed wastewater treatment; failure rate; monitoring; reliability engi
         neering; stochastic modeling; treatment performance' (127 chars)
      description => protected'Distributed wastewater treatment is increasingly considered as an alternativ
         e to the predominantly transport based combination of sewer network and cent
         ralized wastewater treatment plant. If substantial amount of wastewater of a
          particular area is processed in small distributed treatment units, the sum 
         of these units must be considered as one system providing an overall service
         . This paper focuses on the monitoring for centralized operation of such dis
         tributed units. We present a simple stochastic model to calculate probabilit
         y distributions of process performance. We thereby simulated a fleet of simp
         le treatment units with stochastic failure rates, unreliable sensors and reg
         ular routine inspections. All calculated performance indicators exhibit a co
         nsiderable difference between the true performance and the perceived that is
          based on sensor observations. The results also show that there is a trade-o
         ff between investing into more reliable technology or into more frequent hum
         an interventions to achieve a certain performance. The simulations can quant
         ify both effects and thereby support the identification of requirements for 
         centralized monitoring of distributed treatment units. The model approach is
          generic and can be extended and applied to various distributed wastewater t
         reatment technologies and contexts.' (1327 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected12302 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected12302 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected12302 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=13159, pid=124)
      originalId => protected13159 (integer)
      authors => protected'Rossboth, T.' (17 chars)
      title => protected'Model-based systems analysis of the collection management of source-separate
         d urine in Ethekwini Municipality/South Africa' (122 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2013 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'51 p' (9 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Source-separating sanitation technologies aim at handling urine separately f
         rom other wastewater streams. Source-separation is seen as a promising solut
         ion in terms of pollution control and allows the reuse of urine as a fertili
         zer. Recovery of these nutrients is one of the primary objectives of urine d
         iversion toilets installed in developing regions. However, the economical op
         eration of nutrient recovery reactors requires a medium to large scale urine
          collection system. Establishing such a system poses a challenge, especially
          in developing regions. The DeSaM model was developed to assist in the plann
         ing of a sanitation product transport scheme. It is a stochastic model used 
         for calculating volume flows, mass flows and performing simple cost assessme
         nts.<br /> For the work on this Master’s thesis DeSaM was applied to a cas
         e study for the first time. Two potential collection setups were defined for
          the situation in eThekwini Municipality; one setup is based on a centralize
         d collection, while the other setup additionally includes local collection a
         nd intermediate storage. The performance of the setups and alternative schem
         es were assessed and compared. Systems analysis was employed to identify col
         lection scheme constraints, limiting factors and the potential for improveme
         nt, achievable by varying the collection scheme input parameters and through
          the (conceived) effects of interventions. It was shown that the collection 
         scheme performance is affected by conditions such as urine flow to toilet or
          working capacity. The base collection scheme of Setup A had more potential 
         to improve the performance by increasing urine flow to toilet. However, coll
         ection schemes that allow the collection of urine at a lower price and with 
         better performance (+80% collected urine) were identified.<br /> The benefit
         s of the DeSaM application for the collection scheme planning were demonstra
         ted. It was shown that the simulation results support the refinement and sub
         sequent selection of an ...' (3805 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected13159 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected13159 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected13159 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)

array(2 items)
   publications => '14131,10494,10422,9547' (22 chars)
   libraryUrl => '' (0 chars)

array(4 items)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=14131, pid=124)
      originalId => protected14131 (integer)
      authors => protected'Tilley, E.; Logar, I.; Günther, I.' (50 chars)
      title => protected'The effect of giving respondents time to think in a choice experiment: a con
         ditional cash transfer programme in South Africa' (124 chars)
      journal => protected'Environment and Development Economics' (37 chars)
      year => protected2017 (integer)
      volume => protected22 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'202' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'227' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'We conducted a choice experiment (CE) to estimate willingness to accept (WTA
         ) values for a planned conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme designed to
          increase toilet use in South Africa. The payment is made conditional on usi
         ng a toilet and bringing urine to a central collection point. In a split-sam
         ple approach, a segment of respondents were given time to think (TTT) (24 ho
         urs) about their responses, while the remaining respondents had to answer im
         mediately. We found significant differences in the choice behaviour between 
         the subsamples. To validate the stated preferences with actual behaviour, a 
         CCT programme was implemented afterwards. The stated WTA estimates were far 
         below those revealed by actual behaviour for both subsamples. Contrary to ou
         r expectations, the TTT group had underestimated their actual WTA values by 
         an even larger margin. The preferences for various attributes were neverthel
         ess useful in informing the design of the real intervention.' (972 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'1355-770X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1017/S1355770X16000280' (25 chars)
      uid => protected14131 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected14131 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected14131 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10494, pid=124)
      originalId => protected10494 (integer)
      authors => protected'Tilley, E.; Günther, I.' (34 chars)
      title => protected'The impact of conditional cash transfer on toilet use in eThekwini, South Af
         rica' (80 chars)
      journal => protected'Sustainability' (14 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected8 (integer)
      issue => protected'10' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'1' (1 chars)
      otherpage => protected'16' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'sanitation; urine; South Africa; CCT; incentives; economics; cash transfer' (74 chars)
      description => protected'In the developing world, having access to a toilet does not necessarily impl
         y use: infrequent or non-use limits the desired health outcomes of improved 
         sanitation. We examine the sanitation situation in a rural part of South Afr
         ica where recipients of novel, waterless “urine-diverting dry toilets” a
         re not regularly using them. In order to determine if small, conditional cas
         h transfers (CCT) could motivate families to use their toilets more, we paid
          for urine via different incentive-based interventions: two were based on vo
         lumetric pricing and the third was a flat-rate payment (irrespective of volu
         me). A flat-rate payment (approx. €1) resulted in the highest rates of reg
         ular (weekly) participation at 59%. The low volumetric payment (approx. €0
         .05/L) led to regular participation rates of only 12% and no increase in toi
         let use. The high volumetric payment (approx. €0.1/L) resulted in lower ra
         tes of regular participation (35%), but increased the average urine producti
         on per household per day by 74%. As a first example of conditional cash tran
         sfers being used in the sanitation sector, we show that they are an accepted
          and effective tool for increasing toilet use, while putting small cash paym
         ents in the hands of poor, largely unemployed populations in rural South Afr
         ica.' (1296 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3390/su8101070' (17 chars)
      uid => protected10494 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected10494 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected10494 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10422, pid=124)
      originalId => protected10422 (integer)
      authors => protected'Tilley, E.' (15 chars)
      title => protected'Cost-effectiveness and community impacts of two urine-collection programs in
          rural South Africa' (95 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology' (52 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected2 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'320' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'335' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'As the number of technologies and programming approaches for improving globa
         l sanitation grows, there is an increasing need to evaluate the cost-effecti
         veness of each so that policy can be driven by informed decisions that consi
         der cost as well as impact. I use data from two different urine-collection p
         rograms that were implemented in rural South Africa to model the cost-effect
         iveness of each in terms of the cost per litre of urine collected and the co
         st per household, over a range of operational values. One program was based 
         on conditional cash transfers with the aim of increasing toilet use, while t
         he second program was centrally managed and designed to be logistically simp
         le for the municipality. In comparing the results of the two models I find a
          paradox. Urine that is collected from households by the municipality is les
         s expensive than incentivized urine collection on both a volumetric and hous
         ehold basis, but only at urine collection rates that cannot be achieved with
         out incentives. Conversely, the incentivized collection is more cost effecti
         ve when the collection rates are low, but at rates that would correspond to 
         very low incentive prices, rendering the incentive scheme useless. My result
         s illustrate the importance of cost-effectiveness analysis as a tool in sani
         tation programming but I also highlight the need to view the data with a mor
         e nuanced approach that considers the complexities of program implementation
          in poor, rural communities as the mathematical optimal may not correspond t
         o a realistic, or socially desirable one.' (1561 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2053-1400' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1039/C5EW00237K' (18 chars)
      uid => protected10422 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected10422 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected10422 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9547, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9547 (integer)
      authors => protected'Tilley, E.; Günther, I.' (34 chars)
      title => protected'Data collection made easier?: Choosing between mobile phones and paper' (70 chars)
      journal => protected'Sandec News' (11 chars)
      year => protected2014 (integer)
      volume => protected15 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'18' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'19' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Collecting field data is essential for Sandec’s research; yet, paper-based
          data can be difficult to collect and manage. Mobile phones offer advantages
         , but are not always the best option. This article looks at the ways mobile 
         phones can help with water and sanitation-related data collection in low-inc
         ome countries.' (318 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'1420-5572' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected9547 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9547 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected9547 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)