Environmental decision-making often involves a clash of interests, needs and goals. Eawag develops concepts for optimising decision-making processes. It also investigates how the transformation towards a sustainable society can be successful and what role research can play in societal decision-making.
Discussion between several stakeholders during a revitalisation project on the Töss river (Photo: Eawag, Andri Bryner).
Finding sustainable compromises when it comes to water
The demand for water is increasing. But the interests are very different. While some want clean drinking water, others use bodies of water for energy generation and food production. Lakes and rivers also serve as habitats for plants and animals and as recreational areas for people. Water in combination with plants is also gaining importance in residential areas to mitigate the overheating of cities as a result of climate change. This is often referred to as blue-green infrastructure. The sustainable use of water and bodies of water therefore often requires complex decision-making processes and compromises in order to manage water and bodies of water sustainably. In its research projects, Eawag is investigating how this dialogue can be successfully shaped.
Understanding people and their networks
In order to successfully address major global challenges such as climate change or pesticide exposure, it is important to understand how people make decisions and how the different stakeholders interact. What motivates people to rethink and adapt their behaviours? And what prevents people from changing? How do the different interest groups work together: The population, politics, administration, business, associations or NGOs? What status does the environment have in social networks? And what role can and should science play in these networks?
Photo: Ericcrama, Istock
In 2015, the United Nations adopted 17 goals as part of the 2030 agenda. They are intended to advance sustainable development worldwide.
Social transformation towards sustainable development
Many areas of society are facing a transformation today. Examples are energy supply or water supply and processing. A profound transformation is necessary to achieve sustainable use and reuse of natural resources. At the same time, the United Nations has adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to promote peace and prosperity worldwide, including Goal 6: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". Eawag researchers from engineering, social and environmental sciences are analysing how the transformation to greater sustainability can succeed and how the SDGs can be achieved in inter- and transdisciplinary projects.
The Swiss Water Association is an enforcement partner for the federal government, cantons and municipalities and is committed to clean and living bodies of water in Switzerland (in German).
The Sustainable Development Solutions Network unites science, business, civil society, politics and administration to advance the implementation of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
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description => protected'Current models for understanding the spatial diffusion of innovation exhibit significant limitations when it comes to explaining how transformative inno vations in sectors of the foundational economy travel between cities and cou ntries. Transformative innovations in infrastructure sectors like water, ene rgy, or waste management are typically not reducible to single products or t echnologies but rely on a set of complementary organizational, social, polic y, and demand-side innovations. Their spatial diffusion thus requires nonlin ear socially embedded institutionalization processes that include regulative , political, and cultural changes, extending well beyond the knowledge- and market formation dynamics emphasized in conventional diffusion models. This article develops a conceptual model that specifies the socio-technical conte xtualization and de-contextualization processes that take place every time a n innovative infrastructure innovation travels between places. It disentangl es the spatial complexities involved in the packaging of social and technica l elements into coherent configurational templates that enable the spatial d iffusion of transformative innovations. We apply our framework to a case stu dy of the diffusion of circular district-scale sanitation systems (CDSS) in Europe, drawing on fifty-four expert interviews and an extensive database of secondary material. Our findings show how a template for CDSS was continuou sly optimized and standardized through spatially scattered experiments, pilo t and demonstration projects, and high-profile lighthouse initiatives spread across Europe. Based on our findings, we elaborate a three-stage phase mode l for the institutionalization of configurational templates. The model provi des inroads for assessing diffusion challenges in other sectors where transf ormative innovation is intimately coupled with socio-technical reconfigurati on.' (1903 chars)
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How transformative innovations travel: tracing the diffusion of circular district-scale sanitation systems in Europe
Current models for understanding the spatial diffusion of innovation exhibit significant limitations when it comes to explaining how transformative innovations in sectors of the foundational economy travel between cities and countries. Transformative innovations in infrastructure sectors like water, energy, or waste management are typically not reducible to single products or technologies but rely on a set of complementary organizational, social, policy, and demand-side innovations. Their spatial diffusion thus requires nonlinear socially embedded institutionalization processes that include regulative, political, and cultural changes, extending well beyond the knowledge- and market formation dynamics emphasized in conventional diffusion models. This article develops a conceptual model that specifies the socio-technical contextualization and de-contextualization processes that take place every time an innovative infrastructure innovation travels between places. It disentangles the spatial complexities involved in the packaging of social and technical elements into coherent configurational templates that enable the spatial diffusion of transformative innovations. We apply our framework to a case study of the diffusion of circular district-scale sanitation systems (CDSS) in Europe, drawing on fifty-four expert interviews and an extensive database of secondary material. Our findings show how a template for CDSS was continuously optimized and standardized through spatially scattered experiments, pilot and demonstration projects, and high-profile lighthouse initiatives spread across Europe. Based on our findings, we elaborate a three-stage phase model for the institutionalization of configurational templates. The model provides inroads for assessing diffusion challenges in other sectors where transformative innovation is intimately coupled with socio-technical reconfiguration.
Miorner, J.; Schelbert, V.; Binz, C. (2025) How transformative innovations travel: tracing the diffusion of circular district-scale sanitation systems in Europe, Economic Geography, 101(2-3), 93-121, doi:10.1080/00130095.2025.2489965, Institutional Repository
A model of mountain social-ecological systems to catalyze multi-actor collaborations toward sustainability
Addressing sustainability challenges in mountain regions where human activities strongly overlap requires multi-actor collaboration and interdisciplinary methods. Yet, such collaborative processes need to account for the existence of diverse representations of mountain social-ecological systems amongst actors. Here we first explore and describe diverse representations of mountain social-ecological systems using picture-based interviews with local actors. We then develop a conceptual model of such systems that can help actors acknowledge and share their representations. This model integrates the human and natural components of mountain social-ecological systems as well as their interactions. To further support reflexivity, it also specifies an individual's personal stance with respect to the system.
Cristofari, H.; Asse, D.; Chanteloup, L.; Guisan, A.; Otero, I.; Reynard, E.; Urbach, D.; Randin, C. (2025) A model of mountain social-ecological systems to catalyze multi-actor collaborations toward sustainability, Earth's Future, 13(4), e2024EF004818 (18 pp.), doi:10.1029/2024EF004818, Institutional Repository
How company history and hydrogen type shape public trust and acceptability: a reputation management perspective
Hydrogen is gaining interest as a clean energy source from both governments and fossil fuel companies. For hydrogen projects to succeed, securing public acceptability is crucial, with trust in the implementing actors playing a central role. Drawing from reputation management and attribution theory, we experimentally evaluated whether people's perceptions of energy companies wanting to start producing hydrogen for sustainability reasons differ based on two features of hydrogen production. Specifically, we examined the influence of (1) the type of hydrogen (blue versus green) and (2) the energy company's history in energy production (fossil fuels versus renewables) on perceptions about the companies' reputation management efforts —that is, the belief that companies adopt hydrogen primarily to improve their public image— as well as on levels of trust, both overall and specifically in terms of integrity and competence. We further explored whether perceived reputation management explains the effects on trust, and whether these factors also shape public acceptability of hydrogen production itself. Results indicated that people perceived the company with a history of working with fossil fuels as trying to improve its reputation more than one associated with renewables, and trusted it less. Furthermore, perceived reputation management explained the lower (general and integrity-based) trust people had in companies with a past in fossil fuels. For public acceptability of hydrogen, the company's history was not relevant, with green hydrogen being more acceptable than blue, regardless of which company produced it. We discuss these findings in relation to the literature on public perceptions of hydrogen.
Palomo-Vélez, G.; Perlaviciute, G.; Contzen, N.; Steg, L. (2025) How company history and hydrogen type shape public trust and acceptability: a reputation management perspective, Energy Research and Social Science, 127, 104279 (12 pp.), doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104279, Institutional Repository