Abteilung Umweltchemie

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   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=11419, pid=124)
      originalId => protected11419 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ernst, M.; Hein, A.; Asmin, J.; Krauss, M.; Fink, G
         .; Hollender, J.; Ternes, T.; Jørgensen, C.; Jekel, M.;
          McArdell, C. S.' (178 chars)
      title => protected'Water quality analysis: detection, fate, and behaviour, of selected trace or
         ganic pollutants at managed aquifer recharge sites' (126 chars)
      journal => protected'In: Kazner, C.; Wintgens, T.; Dillon, P. (Eds.), Water reclam
         ation technologies for safe managed aquifer recharge' (128 chars)
      year => protected2012 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'197' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'225' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'In treated municipal wastewater, residual organic compounds are of high rele
         vance especially if water recycling and potable water reuse is envisaged. Af
         ter biological treatment, such as the activated sludge process, some organic
          compounds remain that are either non-biodegradable, or are minimally biodeg
         radable. If these chemicals are polar, they are commonly poorly absorbable, 
         and are therefore identified as persistent polar organic compounds (also per
         sistent polar pollutants, PPPs).<br />In the last decade, there have been im
         portant analytical improvements in detecting trace levels of pollutants, and
          within the water reuse community, new "hazardous" compounds are frequently 
         discussed. This includes consideration of which organic residuals are really
          of health concern, which transformation products can be generated, and what
          is their human and environmental impact? Within the present chapter relevan
         t PPPs and their fate during (advanced) wastewater treatment and managed aqu
         ifer recharge are identified and discussed as results of measuring campaigns
          at technologically different demonstration sites within the European resear
         ch project RECLAIM WATER. Such PPPs mainly belong in the group of pharmaceut
         icals but also industrial chemicals. [...]' (1258 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected11419 (integer)
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      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6440, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6440 (integer)
      authors => protected'Krauss,&nbsp;M.; Longrée,&nbsp;P.; Van Houtte,&nbsp;E.; Cauwenberghs,&nbsp;
         J.; Hollender,&nbsp;J.' (98 chars)
      title => protected'Assessing the fate of nitrosamine precursors in wastewater treatment by phys
         icochemical fractionation' (101 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2010 (integer)
      volume => protected44 (integer)
      issue => protected'20' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'7871' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'7877' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Source control or elimination of precursors of NDMA and other nitrosamines i
         n wastewater requires information on their physicochemical properties, which
          is still limited. Thus we developed a multistep fractionation method based 
         on a combination of consecutive filtration steps to <1 μm, <0.2 μm, and <2
         .5 kDa followed by solid-phase extraction on a C18 column and validated it u
         sing model NDMA precursors covering a wide polarity range. The membrane filt
         ration to <2.5 kDa was suitable to separate a low-molecular weight precursor
          fraction but partially removed hydrophobic compounds by sorption. Fractiona
         tion on a C18 column allowed distinguishing highly polar precursors (such as
          dimethylamine) from less polar ones (such as ranitidine or other pharmaceut
         icals). Application of the fractionation procedure together with the formati
         on potential test revealed that in the influent of one studied wastewater tr
         eatment plant about 50% of all precursors were associated with colloids or m
         acromolecules, suggesting that these fractions comprise sorbed hydrophobic p
         recursors. During activated sludge treatment small polar and charged NDMA an
         d other nitrosamines’ precursors were removed to about 80%. In contrast, l
         ess polar precursors were more recalcitrant. In advanced treatment steps, on
         ly small fractions of the precursors were removed by the prechlorination/ult
         rafiltration step, while reverse osmosis removed >98% of all precursors.' (1440 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es101289z' (17 chars)
      uid => protected6440 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6440 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected6440 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6087, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6087 (integer)
      authors => protected'Abegglen,&nbsp;C.; Joss,&nbsp;A.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Fink,&nbsp;G.; 
         Schlüsener,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;P.; Ternes,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.; Siegrist,&nbsp;H.' (148 chars)
      title => protected'The fate of selected micropollutants in a single-house MBR' (58 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2009 (integer)
      volume => protected43 (integer)
      issue => protected'7' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'2036' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'2046' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'biological degradation; decentralized wastewater treatment; MBR; micropollut
         ants; water reuse' (93 chars)
      description => protected'Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is an interesting option for  single-ho
         use wastewater treatment or small communities. Because  typically a very hig
         h effluent quality is achieved with respect to  pathogens, suspended solids,
          organics and nitrogen, the permeate is  well suited for reuse. Little is kn
         own about the fate of  micropollutants in such small systems. The difference
         s between  centralized and decentralized biological wastewater treatment wit
         h  respect to micropollutants are manifold: besides the operational  paramet
         ers like hydraulic and sludge retention time, the main  difference is in the
          load variation. While the influent load is  expected to be more or less con
         stant in large catchments, it varies  strongly in small MBRs due to irregula
         r consumption (e.g. of medication  by individuals). Concentrations of microp
         ollutants are higher by a  factor 50–1000 than in centralized treatment. I
         t is also unknown how  reliable degradation of micropollutants is in case of
          irregular  exposure.<br/>
In this study, two experiments were conducted in 
         a  small MBR treating the wastewater of a three-person household. During  no
         rmal operation of the treatment plant, 25 pharmaceuticals  (antibiotics, ant
         iphlogistics, lipid regulators, iodinated contrast  media and hormones) that
          had not been used by members of the household  were added in concentrations
          typical for municipal wastewater. The  removal of most substances was in th
         e same range as for centralized  wastewater treatment. It was shown that bio
         logical transformation was  the main elimination process while adsorption to
          the activated sludge  was negligible for most substances due to the low slu
         dge production at  high sludge retention time. No appreciable lag for induci
         ng biological  degradation was observed. The high hydraulic and sludge resid
         ence time  had a positive effect on the elimination of slowly degradable  su
         bstances, but this was partly compensated by the lower biological  activity.
         <br/>
An experiment with...' (2266 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.005' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6087 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6087 (integer)modified
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   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6206, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6206 (integer)
      authors => protected'Krauss,&nbsp;M.; Longrée,&nbsp;P.; Dorusch,&nbsp;F.; Ort,&nbsp;C.; Hollende
         r,&nbsp;J.' (86 chars)
      title => protected'Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants' (71 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2009 (integer)
      volume => protected43 (integer)
      issue => protected'17' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'4381' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'4391' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'NDMA; N-nitrosomorpholine; nitrosamines; wastewater; sewage treatment plant;
          degradation' (88 chars)
      description => protected'The presence of  nitrosamines in wastewater might pose a risk to water resou
         rces even in  countries where chlorination or chloramination are hardly used
          for  water disinfection. We studied the variation of concentrations and  re
         moval efficiencies of eight <I>N</I>-nitrosamines among 21 full-scale sewage
          treatment plants (STPs) in Switzerland and temporal variations at one of th
         ese plants. <I>N</I>-nitrosodimethylamine  (NDMA) was the predominant compou
         nd in STP primary effluents with  median concentrations in the range of 5–
         20 ng/L, but peak  concentrations up to 1 μg/L. <I>N</I>-nitrosomorpholine 
         (NMOR) was  abundant in all plants at concentrations of 5–30 ng/L, other  
         nitrosamines occurred at a lower number of plants at similar levels.  From c
         oncentrations in urine samples and domestic wastewater we  estimated that hu
         man excretion accounted for levels of <5 ng/L of  NDMA and <1 ng/L of the ot
         her nitrosamines in municipal wastewater,  additional domestic sources for <
         5 ng/L of NMOR. Levels above this  domestic background are probably caused b
         y industrial or commercial  discharges, which results in highly variable con
         centrations in sewage.  Aqueous removal efficiencies in activated sludge tre
         atment were in  general above 40% for NMOR and above 60% for the other nitro
         samines,  but could be lower if concentrations were below 8–15 ng/L in pri
         mary  effluent. We hypothesize that substrate competition in the cometabolic
           degradation explains the occurrence of such threshold concentrations.  An 
         additional sand filtration step resulted in a further removal of  nitrosamin
         es from secondary effluents even at low concentrations.  Concentrations rele
         ased to surface waters were largely below 10 ng/L,  suggesting a low impact 
         on Swiss water resources and drinking water  generation considering the gene
         rally high environmental dilution and  possible degradation. However, local 
         impacts in case a larger fraction  of wastewater is present cannot be ruled 
         out.' (1980 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.048' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6206 (integer)
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   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=5682, pid=124)
      originalId => protected5682 (integer)
      authors => protected'Krauss,&nbsp;M.; Hollender,&nbsp;J.' (35 chars)
      title => protected'Analysis of nitrosamines in wastewater: exploring the trace level quantifica
         tion capabilities of a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer' (148 chars)
      journal => protected'Analytical Chemistry' (20 chars)
      year => protected2008 (integer)
      volume => protected80 (integer)
      issue => protected'3' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'834' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'842' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'A method was developed to determine nine <I>N</I>-nitrosamines in wastewater
          on the basis of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography mass spect
         rometry using a linear ion trap-orbitrap hybrid instrument at high mass reso
         lution. Analytes and five deuterated internal standards were preconcentrated
          by solid-phase extraction. Positive electrospray ionization resulted in pro
         tonated molecular ions of all nitrosamines. One to three product ions were f
         ormed by collision-induced dissociation or higher energy C-trap dissociation
         . The signal intensity of the product ions differed up to a factor of 3 betw
         een the two techniques. The molecular ions were usually used for quantificat
         ion, because of the better sensitivity, and the product ions for confirmatio
         n. An actual mass resolving power of 25 000-40 000 ensured a sufficient sele
         ctivity to distinguish all molecular and product ions from interfering backg
         round ions. Only for <I>N</I>-nitrosomorpholine was a coeluting isobaric mol
         ecular ion detected in wastewater samples, which, however, formed different 
         product ions. The mass accuracy was between -12 ppm at <I>m/z</I> 55 and 0 p
         pm at <I>m/z</I> 205 and did not change for more than 5 ppm over a sample se
         quence of 20 h analysis time. The optimized method allowed quantifying nine 
         <I>N</I>-nitrosamines in drinking water and wastewater samples down to metho
         d detection limits of 0.3-3.9 ng/L at instrumental detection limits of 2-14 
         pg on column. Recoveries over the whole method were between 75 and 125% for 
         six compounds, but considerably lower for three compounds, probably due to s
         trong matrix effects causing a signal suppression of up to 95% in wastewater
          samples. <I>N</I>-Nitrosodimethylamine and <I>N</I>-nitrosomorpholine were 
         the most abundant compounds (3-22 ng/L) in samples from two wastewater treat
         ment plants, another four nitrosamines (<I>N</I>-nitrosopyrrolidone, -piperi
         dine, -diethylamine, and -dibutylamine) were also detected. Our study demons
         trates that the LTQ Orbi...' (2160 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0003-2700' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/ac701804y' (17 chars)
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