Department Environmental Chemistry

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   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=11419, pid=124)
      originalId => protected11419 (integer)
      authors => protected'Ernst, M.; Hein, A.; Asmin, J.; Krauss, M.; Fink, G
         .; Hollender, J.; Ternes, T.; Jørgensen, C.; Jekel, M.;
          McArdell, C. S.' (178 chars)
      title => protected'Water quality analysis: detection, fate, and behaviour, of selected trace or
         ganic pollutants at managed aquifer recharge sites' (126 chars)
      journal => protected'In: Kazner, C.; Wintgens, T.; Dillon, P. (Eds.), Water reclam
         ation technologies for safe managed aquifer recharge' (128 chars)
      year => protected2012 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'197' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'225' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'In treated municipal wastewater, residual organic compounds are of high rele
         vance especially if water recycling and potable water reuse is envisaged. Af
         ter biological treatment, such as the activated sludge process, some organic
          compounds remain that are either non-biodegradable, or are minimally biodeg
         radable. If these chemicals are polar, they are commonly poorly absorbable, 
         and are therefore identified as persistent polar organic compounds (also per
         sistent polar pollutants, PPPs).<br />In the last decade, there have been im
         portant analytical improvements in detecting trace levels of pollutants, and
          within the water reuse community, new "hazardous" compounds are frequently 
         discussed. This includes consideration of which organic residuals are really
          of health concern, which transformation products can be generated, and what
          is their human and environmental impact? Within the present chapter relevan
         t PPPs and their fate during (advanced) wastewater treatment and managed aqu
         ifer recharge are identified and discussed as results of measuring campaigns
          at technologically different demonstration sites within the European resear
         ch project RECLAIM WATER. Such PPPs mainly belong in the group of pharmaceut
         icals but also industrial chemicals. [...]' (1258 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected11419 (integer)
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      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6440, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6440 (integer)
      authors => protected'Krauss,&nbsp;M.; Longrée,&nbsp;P.; Van Houtte,&nbsp;E.; Cauwenberghs,&nbsp;
         J.; Hollender,&nbsp;J.' (98 chars)
      title => protected'Assessing the fate of nitrosamine precursors in wastewater treatment by phys
         icochemical fractionation' (101 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Science and Technology' (36 chars)
      year => protected2010 (integer)
      volume => protected44 (integer)
      issue => protected'20' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'7871' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'7877' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Source control or elimination of precursors of NDMA and other nitrosamines i
         n wastewater requires information on their physicochemical properties, which
          is still limited. Thus we developed a multistep fractionation method based 
         on a combination of consecutive filtration steps to <1 μm, <0.2 μm, and <2
         .5 kDa followed by solid-phase extraction on a C18 column and validated it u
         sing model NDMA precursors covering a wide polarity range. The membrane filt
         ration to <2.5 kDa was suitable to separate a low-molecular weight precursor
          fraction but partially removed hydrophobic compounds by sorption. Fractiona
         tion on a C18 column allowed distinguishing highly polar precursors (such as
          dimethylamine) from less polar ones (such as ranitidine or other pharmaceut
         icals). Application of the fractionation procedure together with the formati
         on potential test revealed that in the influent of one studied wastewater tr
         eatment plant about 50% of all precursors were associated with colloids or m
         acromolecules, suggesting that these fractions comprise sorbed hydrophobic p
         recursors. During activated sludge treatment small polar and charged NDMA an
         d other nitrosamines’ precursors were removed to about 80%. In contrast, l
         ess polar precursors were more recalcitrant. In advanced treatment steps, on
         ly small fractions of the precursors were removed by the prechlorination/ult
         rafiltration step, while reverse osmosis removed >98% of all precursors.' (1440 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0013-936X' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/es101289z' (17 chars)
      uid => protected6440 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6440 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected6440 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6087, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6087 (integer)
      authors => protected'Abegglen,&nbsp;C.; Joss,&nbsp;A.; McArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Fink,&nbsp;G.; 
         Schlüsener,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;P.; Ternes,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.; Siegrist,&nbsp;H.' (148 chars)
      title => protected'The fate of selected micropollutants in a single-house MBR' (58 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2009 (integer)
      volume => protected43 (integer)
      issue => protected'7' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'2036' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'2046' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'biological degradation; decentralized wastewater treatment; MBR; micropollut
         ants; water reuse' (93 chars)
      description => protected'Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is an interesting option for single-hou
         se wastewater treatment or small communities. Because typically a very high 
         effluent quality is achieved with respect to pathogens, suspended solids, or
         ganics and nitrogen, the permeate is well suited for reuse. Little is known 
         about the fate of micropollutants in such small systems. The differences bet
         ween centralized and decentralized biological wastewater treatment with resp
         ect to micropollutants are manifold: besides the operational parameters like
          hydraulic and sludge retention time, the main difference is in the load var
         iation. While the influent load is expected to be more or less constant in l
         arge catchments, it varies strongly in small MBRs due to irregular consumpti
         on (e.g. of medication by individuals). Concentrations of micropollutants ar
         e higher by a factor 50–1000 than in centralized treatment. It is also unk
         nown how reliable degradation of micropollutants is in case of irregular exp
         osure.<br/> In this study, two experiments were conducted in a small MBR tre
         ating the wastewater of a three-person household. During normal operation of
          the treatment plant, 25 pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, antiphlogistics, lipi
         d regulators, iodinated contrast media and hormones) that had not been used 
         by members of the household were added in concentrations typical for municip
         al wastewater. The removal of most substances was in the same range as for c
         entralized wastewater treatment. It was shown that biological transformation
          was the main elimination process while adsorption to the activated sludge w
         as negligible for most substances due to the low sludge production at high s
         ludge retention time. No appreciable lag for inducing biological degradation
          was observed. The high hydraulic and sludge residence time had a positive e
         ffect on the elimination of slowly degradable substances, but this was partl
         y compensated by the lower biological activity.<br/> An experiment with anti
         biotics concentrations t...' (2234 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.005' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6087 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6087 (integer)modified
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   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6206, pid=124)
      originalId => protected6206 (integer)
      authors => protected'Krauss,&nbsp;M.; Longrée,&nbsp;P.; Dorusch,&nbsp;F.; Ort,&nbsp;C.; Hollende
         r,&nbsp;J.' (86 chars)
      title => protected'Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants' (71 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2009 (integer)
      volume => protected43 (integer)
      issue => protected'17' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'4381' (4 chars)
      otherpage => protected'4391' (4 chars)
      categories => protected'NDMA; N-nitrosomorpholine; nitrosamines; wastewater; sewage treatment plant;
          degradation' (88 chars)
      description => protected'The presence of nitrosamines in wastewater might pose a risk to water resour
         ces even in countries where chlorination or chloramination are hardly used f
         or water disinfection. We studied the variation of concentrations and remova
         l efficiencies of eight <I>N</I>-nitrosamines among 21 full-scale sewage tre
         atment plants (STPs) in Switzerland and temporal variations at one of these 
         plants. <I>N</I>-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the predominant compound in
          STP primary effluents with median concentrations in the range of 5–20 ng/
         L, but peak concentrations up to 1 μg/L. <I>N</I>-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) 
         was abundant in all plants at concentrations of 5–30 ng/L, other nitrosami
         nes occurred at a lower number of plants at similar levels. From concentrati
         ons in urine samples and domestic wastewater we estimated that human excreti
         on accounted for levels of <5 ng/L of NDMA and <1 ng/L of the other nitrosam
         ines in municipal wastewater, additional domestic sources for <5 ng/L of NMO
         R. Levels above this domestic background are probably caused by industrial o
         r commercial discharges, which results in highly variable concentrations in 
         sewage. Aqueous removal efficiencies in activated sludge treatment were in g
         eneral above 40% for NMOR and above 60% for the other nitrosamines, but coul
         d be lower if concentrations were below 8–15 ng/L in primary effluent. We 
         hypothesize that substrate competition in the cometabolic degradation explai
         ns the occurrence of such threshold concentrations. An additional sand filtr
         ation step resulted in a further removal of nitrosamines from secondary effl
         uents even at low concentrations. Concentrations released to surface waters 
         were largely below 10 ng/L, suggesting a low impact on Swiss water resources
          and drinking water generation considering the generally high environmental 
         dilution and possible degradation. However, local impacts in case a larger f
         raction of wastewater is present cannot be ruled out.' (1953 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.048' (28 chars)
      uid => protected6206 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected6206 (integer)modified
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   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=5682, pid=124)
      originalId => protected5682 (integer)
      authors => protected'Krauss,&nbsp;M.; Hollender,&nbsp;J.' (35 chars)
      title => protected'Analysis of nitrosamines in wastewater: exploring the trace level quantifica
         tion capabilities of a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer' (148 chars)
      journal => protected'Analytical Chemistry' (20 chars)
      year => protected2008 (integer)
      volume => protected80 (integer)
      issue => protected'3' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'834' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'842' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'A method was developed to determine nine <I>N</I>-nitrosamines in wastewater
          on the basis of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography mass spect
         rometry using a linear ion trap-orbitrap hybrid instrument at high mass reso
         lution. Analytes and five deuterated internal standards were preconcentrated
          by solid-phase extraction. Positive electrospray ionization resulted in pro
         tonated molecular ions of all nitrosamines. One to three product ions were f
         ormed by collision-induced dissociation or higher energy C-trap dissociation
         . The signal intensity of the product ions differed up to a factor of 3 betw
         een the two techniques. The molecular ions were usually used for quantificat
         ion, because of the better sensitivity, and the product ions for confirmatio
         n. An actual mass resolving power of 25 000-40 000 ensured a sufficient sele
         ctivity to distinguish all molecular and product ions from interfering backg
         round ions. Only for <I>N</I>-nitrosomorpholine was a coeluting isobaric mol
         ecular ion detected in wastewater samples, which, however, formed different 
         product ions. The mass accuracy was between -12 ppm at <I>m/z</I> 55 and 0 p
         pm at <I>m/z</I> 205 and did not change for more than 5 ppm over a sample se
         quence of 20 h analysis time. The optimized method allowed quantifying nine 
         <I>N</I>-nitrosamines in drinking water and wastewater samples down to metho
         d detection limits of 0.3-3.9 ng/L at instrumental detection limits of 2-14 
         pg on column. Recoveries over the whole method were between 75 and 125% for 
         six compounds, but considerably lower for three compounds, probably due to s
         trong matrix effects causing a signal suppression of up to 95% in wastewater
          samples. <I>N</I>-Nitrosodimethylamine and <I>N</I>-nitrosomorpholine were 
         the most abundant compounds (3-22 ng/L) in samples from two wastewater treat
         ment plants, another four nitrosamines (<I>N</I>-nitrosopyrrolidone, -piperi
         dine, -diethylamine, and -dibutylamine) were also detected. Our study demons
         trates that the LTQ Orbi...' (2160 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0003-2700' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1021/ac701804y' (17 chars)
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