Formation and fate of transformation products in water treatment with ozone and biological post-treatment - TRANSFO3RM
Ozonation is increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment for an abatement of micropollutants. However, the transformation products formed during ozonation (OTPs) and their fate in biological post-treatment are largely unknown. In this project, OTPs are identified from a mixture of a large number of exposure-relevant micropollutants with lab scale experiments in differing simulated water matrices. The relevance of the so identified OTPs is examined by checking their abundance in ambient water after pilot-scale and full-scale ozonation. Furthermore, the fate of OTPs is studied in biological post-treatment of ozonated drinking water and wastewater to get a mechanistic understanding of their biodegradability and to identify persistent and water-relevant OTPs. This collaboration with the Wasserversorgung Zürich provides a strong link to the drinking water community in Switzerland and beyond.
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authors => protected'Gulde, R.; Clerc, B.; Rutsch, M.; Helbing, J.; Muck,&nbs p;E.; McArdell, C. S.; von Gunten, U.' (128 chars)
title => protected'Spurenstoffe in der Ozonung. Bildung von Transformationsprodukten und ihr Ve rhalten in der biologischen Sandfiltration' (118 chars)
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description => protected'In einer Pilotanlage zur Aufbereitung von Seewasser wurden in der Ozonungsst ufe 227 Transformationsprodukte detektiert, die aus 39 der insgesamt 51 dem Seewasser zugegebenen Spurenstoffe entstanden waren. Weniger als 20% dieser Transformationsprodukte waren in der nachgeschalteten biologischen Sandfiltr ation abbaubar. Zudem waren insgesamt nur 13% der im Sandfilter nachgewiesen en Transformationsprodukte besser abbaubar als die Ausgangssubstanzen.' (450 chars)
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authors => protected'Gulde, R.; Rutsch, M.; Clerc, B.; Schollée, J. E.; von Gunten, U.; McArdell, C. S.' (123 chars)
title => protected'Formation of transformation products during ozonation of secondary wastewate r effluent and their fate in post-treatment: from laboratory- to full-scale' (151 chars)
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categories => protected'ozone; granular activated carbon; powdered activated carbon; sand filter; mi cropollutants; structure elucidation' (112 chars)
description => protected'Ozonation is increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment for the abatement of micropollutants (MPs). However, the transformation products for med during ozonation (OTPs) and their fate in biological or sorptive post-tr eatments is largely unknown. In this project, a high-throughput approach, co mbining laboratory ozonation experiments and detection by liquid chromatogra phy high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS), was developed and appli ed to identify OTPs formed during ozonation of wastewater effluent for a lar ge number of relevant MPs (total 87). For the laboratory ozonation experimen ts, a simplified experimental solution, consisting of surrogate organic matt er (methanol and acetate), was created, which produced ozonation conditions similar to realistic conditions in terms of ozone and hydroxyl radical expos ures. The 87 selected parent MPs were divided into 19 mixtures, which enable d the identification of OTPs with an optimized number of experiments. The fo llowing two approaches were considered to identify OTPs. (1) A screening of LC-HR-MS signal formation in these experiments was performed and revealed a list of 1749 potential OTP candidate signals associated to 70 parent MPs. Th is list can be used in future suspect screening studies. (2) A screening was performed for signals that were formed in both batch experiments and in sam ples of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This second approach was ultima tely more time-efficient and was applied to four different WWTPs with ozonat ion (specific ozone doses in the range 0.23-0.55 gO<sub>3</sub>/gDOC), leadi ng to the identification of 84 relevant OTPs of 40 parent MPs in wastewater effluent. Chemical structures could be proposed for 83 OTPs through the inte rpretation of MS/MS spectra and expert knowledge in ozone chemistry. Forty-e ight OTPs (58%) have not been reported previously. The fate of the verified OTPs was studied in different post-treatment steps. During sand filtration, 87-89% of the OTPs were ...' (2420 chars)
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authors => protected'Gulde, R.; Clerc, B.; Rutsch, M.; Helbing, J.; Salhi,&nb sp;E.; McArdell, C. S.; von Gunten, U.' (129 chars)
title => protected'Oxidation of 51 micropollutants during drinking water ozonation: formation o f transformation products and their fate during biological post-filtration' (150 chars)
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categories => protected'ozone; hydroxyl radical; sand filter; transformation products; abatement; la ke water' (84 chars)
description => protected'Micropollutants (MP) with varying ozone-reactive moieties were spiked to lak e water in the influent of a drinking water pilot plant consisting of an ozo nation followed by a biological sand filtration. During ozonation, 227 trans formation products (OTPs) from 39 of the spiked 51 MPs were detected after solid phase extraction by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectro metry (LC-HRMS/MS). Based on the MS/MS data, tentative molecular structures are proposed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of a large number of OTP s are suggested by combination of the kinetics of formation and abatement an d state-of-the-art knowledge on ozone and hydroxyl radical chemistry. OTPs f orming as primary or higher generation products from the oxidation of MPs co uld be differentiated. However, some expected products from the reactions of ozone with activated aromatic compounds and olefins were not detected with the applied analytical procedure. 187 OTPs were present in the sand filtrati on in sufficiently high concentrations to elucidate their fate in this treat ment step. 35 of these OTPs (19%) were abated in the sand filtration step, m ost likely due to biodegradation. Only 24 (13%) of the OTPs were abated more efficiently than the parent compounds, with a dependency on the functional group of the parent MPs and OTPs. Overall, this study provides evidence, tha t the common assumption that OTPs are easily abated in biological post-treat ment is not generally valid. Nevertheless, it is unknown how the OTPs, which escaped detection, would have behaved in the biological post-treatment.' (1592 chars)
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Spurenstoffe in der Ozonung. Bildung von Transformationsprodukten und ihr Verhalten in der biologischen Sandfiltration
In einer Pilotanlage zur Aufbereitung von Seewasser wurden in der Ozonungsstufe 227 Transformationsprodukte detektiert, die aus 39 der insgesamt 51 dem Seewasser zugegebenen Spurenstoffe entstanden waren. Weniger als 20% dieser Transformationsprodukte waren in der nachgeschalteten biologischen Sandfiltration abbaubar. Zudem waren insgesamt nur 13% der im Sandfilter nachgewiesenen Transformationsprodukte besser abbaubar als die Ausgangssubstanzen.
Gulde, R.; Clerc, B.; Rutsch, M.; Helbing, J.; Muck, E.; McArdell, C. S.; von Gunten, U. (2021) Spurenstoffe in der Ozonung. Bildung von Transformationsprodukten und ihr Verhalten in der biologischen Sandfiltration, Aqua & Gas, 101(12), 20-26, Institutional Repository
Formation of transformation products during ozonation of secondary wastewater effluent and their fate in post-treatment: from laboratory- to full-scale
Ozonation is increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment for the abatement of micropollutants (MPs). However, the transformation products formed during ozonation (OTPs) and their fate in biological or sorptive post-treatments is largely unknown. In this project, a high-throughput approach, combining laboratory ozonation experiments and detection by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS), was developed and applied to identify OTPs formed during ozonation of wastewater effluent for a large number of relevant MPs (total 87). For the laboratory ozonation experiments, a simplified experimental solution, consisting of surrogate organic matter (methanol and acetate), was created, which produced ozonation conditions similar to realistic conditions in terms of ozone and hydroxyl radical exposures. The 87 selected parent MPs were divided into 19 mixtures, which enabled the identification of OTPs with an optimized number of experiments. The following two approaches were considered to identify OTPs. (1) A screening of LC-HR-MS signal formation in these experiments was performed and revealed a list of 1749 potential OTP candidate signals associated to 70 parent MPs. This list can be used in future suspect screening studies. (2) A screening was performed for signals that were formed in both batch experiments and in samples of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This second approach was ultimately more time-efficient and was applied to four different WWTPs with ozonation (specific ozone doses in the range 0.23-0.55 gO3/gDOC), leading to the identification of 84 relevant OTPs of 40 parent MPs in wastewater effluent. Chemical structures could be proposed for 83 OTPs through the interpretation of MS/MS spectra and expert knowledge in ozone chemistry. Forty-eight OTPs (58%) have not been reported previously. The fate of the verified OTPs was studied in different post-treatment steps. During sand filtration, 87-89% of the OTPs were stable. In granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, OTPs were abated with decreasing efficiency with increasing run times of the filters. For example, in a GAC filter with 16,000 bed volumes, 53% of the OTPs were abated, while in a GAC filter with 35,000 bed volumes, 40% of the OTPs were abated. The highest abatement (87% of OTPs) was observed when 13 mg/L powdered activated carbon (PAC) was dosed onto a sand filter.
Gulde, R.; Rutsch, M.; Clerc, B.; Schollée, J. E.; von Gunten, U.; McArdell, C. S. (2021) Formation of transformation products during ozonation of secondary wastewater effluent and their fate in post-treatment: from laboratory- to full-scale, Water Research, 200, 117200 (16 pp.), doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117200, Institutional Repository
Oxidation of 51 micropollutants during drinking water ozonation: formation of transformation products and their fate during biological post-filtration
Micropollutants (MP) with varying ozone-reactive moieties were spiked to lake water in the influent of a drinking water pilot plant consisting of an ozonation followed by a biological sand filtration. During ozonation, 227 transformation products (OTPs) from 39 of the spiked 51 MPs were detected after solid phase extraction by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Based on the MS/MS data, tentative molecular structures are proposed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of a large number of OTPs are suggested by combination of the kinetics of formation and abatement and state-of-the-art knowledge on ozone and hydroxyl radical chemistry. OTPs forming as primary or higher generation products from the oxidation of MPs could be differentiated. However, some expected products from the reactions of ozone with activated aromatic compounds and olefins were not detected with the applied analytical procedure. 187 OTPs were present in the sand filtration in sufficiently high concentrations to elucidate their fate in this treatment step. 35 of these OTPs (19%) were abated in the sand filtration step, most likely due to biodegradation. Only 24 (13%) of the OTPs were abated more efficiently than the parent compounds, with a dependency on the functional group of the parent MPs and OTPs. Overall, this study provides evidence, that the common assumption that OTPs are easily abated in biological post-treatment is not generally valid. Nevertheless, it is unknown how the OTPs, which escaped detection, would have behaved in the biological post-treatment.
Gulde, R.; Clerc, B.; Rutsch, M.; Helbing, J.; Salhi, E.; McArdell, C. S.; von Gunten, U. (2021) Oxidation of 51 micropollutants during drinking water ozonation: formation of transformation products and their fate during biological post-filtration, Water Research, 207, 117812 (20 pp.), doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117812, Institutional Repository
