Around 30 million years ago, numerous mountain ranges began to form in south-eastern Europe as a result of the collision of the European, Adriatic and African tectonic plates. Where these consisted of limestone – such as in the south-eastern Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinaric Alps – caves developed in the rock at the same time under the influence of precipitation. When living organisms colonise newly created habitats such as these caves and find sufficient ecological resources there, a rapid emergence of new species can occur: the immigrated parent species fans out into numerous new species that specialise in the various niches within the new habitat. This basic mechanism of evolution is called “adaptive radiation” and is responsible for much of the biodiversity on Earth. In Europe, however, during the Pleistocene period with its constant alternation of cold and warm periods, a large part of the biodiversity that developed in this way became extinct or migrated to other regions. Therefore, in terms of biodiversity, Europe occupies the lowest ranks among the continents in most species groups. Only Antarctica has fewer species.

Habitats sealed off from climate chaos

Now, a study which was recently published in the journal “Nature Communications” by Ole Seehausen, Head of the Fish Ecology & Evolution Department at Eawag, and a team of scientists from the University of Ljubljana and the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, provides evidence that a large proportion of ancient biodiversity has been able to survive in subterranean habitats sealed off from climate chaos. Previously, there were only isolated indications for this. Seehausen and his research colleagues have now been able to substantiate this assumption for the amphipod genus Niphargus. Amphipods are crustaceans of a few millimetres to a few centimetres in size that live in bodies of water. The genus Niphargus is only found underground, in cave water or in groundwater. “Niphargus is the most species-rich of the amphipod genus and includes hundreds of species whose origins we have studied using various evolutionary genetic modelling techniques,” explains Seehausen. “The results show that this biodiversity developed 15 million years ago, exactly when and exactly where new subterranean habitats formed with the caves in the limestone mountain ranges.” This correlation suggests that colonisation of the new subterranean habitats is the trigger for the fanning out of this amphipod genus into an enormous number of new species.