The efficiency of arsenic removal from groundwater by chlorination coupled with adsorption on ferric hydroxide and sand filtration was evaluated in this study. Experiments were conducted at field using 5 groundwater resources containing total arsenic concentration of about 50 µg/L. The results showed that As (III) can be completely oxidized by chlorine in real waters containing low ammonia content (about 1 - 3 mgN/L). In cases of high ammonia concentration (8 - 20 mgN/L), As(III) oxidation was ineffective due to fast competitive reactions between ammonia and chlorine to form chloramines which reacts with As(III) much slower compared to chlorine. Following sand filtration can remove arsenic to some extent owing to As (V) adsorption on ferric hydroxide.

“Regional Infrastructure Foresight” enables municipalities, engineers and decision makers in regional sanitation systems to develop a mid- to long-term strategy for a sustainable sanitation infrastructure. Identification of uncertainties and future challenges of the regional infrastructure’s context is carried out in a participatory scenario process. A broad range of possible integrated solutions for the sanitation system is evaluated from different stakeholders’ views. This approach allows handling of uncertainties of frameworks, and of complexity of the system to find more adaptive system configurations for a sustainable sanitation system.

This book is the first to synthesise our knowledge of tropical streams and their ecology. It describes their major physico-chemical features, ecological processes - such as primary production and organic-matter transformation - as well as the variety of invertebrates, fishes and other vertebrates found in them. Written by international experts in the field, these chapters provide incisive overviews - highlighting what is known and what is yet to be discovered. Throughout the book, contributors compare predictions arising from concepts developed in northtemperate latitudes versus the reality of ecosvstems further south. The question of whether there are fundamental differences between tropical and temperate streams is a recurring theme, and is discussed in length in one of the later chapters. The pressing concerns of conservation of tropical streams and their biodiversity is discussed in almost every chapter, with a final chapter on a svsthesis of these conservation issues. Until quite recently there has been a tendency to view research carried out in tropical streams as merely interesting regional studies, whereas studies of temperate waters are viewed otherwise. It is hoped that this book will redress that imbalance and serve both the study ol freshwater ecology and conservation equally.

Die Form des Vierwaldstättersees mit seinen sieben Becken lässt sich mit keinem anderen Voralpensee vergleichen. Teınperatur und Salzgehalt bewirken die Schichtung des Wassers und führen zu erstaunlichen Vorgängen. So ergiesst sich jeweils im Frühling ein enormer Unterwasserfall vom Gersauerbecken in den Urnersee, also entgegen der Fliessrichtung des Wassers. Temperaturverlauf und Schichtung haben einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die biologischen Prozesse und entscheiden auch über seltene Ereignisse wie die «Seegfrörni».

Efficient heavy-metal removal from road runoff should be realized with particle separation and adsorption. As adsorbents, three zeolites and three ferric hydroxides were tested for copper and zinc removal. Sorption capacity and kinetics were evaluated with batch and specific column experiments. Results evidence that sorption capacity and kinetics of all ferric hydroxides were superior to the zeolites. Increased electrical conductivity revealed severe desorption of copper and zinc only from zeolites. For the full-scale treatment plant, zeolite 3 and Ferrosorp are used in one of the two retention filters each. The zeolite retention filter is not in service during winter to prevent desorption caused by de-icing salt.

The road runorfoh sewered section of a road in Switzerland with a traffic intensity of 17,000 vehicles per day was illtensely investigated over a period of 2 years. At the same time the road runoff was collected and pumped to a pilot plant ibr road runoff treatment. The treatment facilities consisted on one hand of shafts containing removable fleece filter bags and underlying GfeH-ndsorber filters and on the other rotating fleece filter drums and subsequent adsorhcrs. It could be shown that the investigated processes for road nrnofl'trcatment can bc operated as lnodular systems in one-, two-, or three-step flow schetnes. Depending on the process scheme between 70% and 97% ofthe hcavy nletals could be removed.

The liberalization of electricity markets opens up new opportunities for electricity providers to di!erentiate their products along environmental characteristics. Due to considerable search and evaluation costs for the consumer, the success of green power products depends to a large degree on a professional communication strategy. Besides professional marketing, instruments like environmental labeling have attracted considerable attention. The present paper analyzes the fundamentals of voluntary, third-party eco-labeling of electricity products and compares di!erent labeling approaches, which have been developed in Europe and in the US recently. We distinguish six major dimensions along which labeling schemes can di!er and identify two main strategies to deal with the basic tradeoff's, correspondingly. Labeling concepts may either be simple, require low or medium environmental standards and strive for the support of at least one stakeholder group. Alternatively, eco-labels may judge a broad range of environmental impacts and integrate several stakeholder groups with opposing interests. Experiences show that labels of the "rst type can be set up quickly and have the advantage to set a standard early in the market. In the medium and long term, however, public awareness and potential criticisms may rise and rather simple eco-labeling schemes will have to be adapted. The paper "nally discusses the prospects for a common European eco-labeling strategy.

Ortwin Renn et al. behandeln in ihrem Beitrag das Management und die Integration von systemischen Risiken in eine aktive Nachhaltigkeitspolitik. Systemische Risiken sind komplexe Risiken mit schwer abschätzbaren Breiten- und Langzeitwirkungen und erheblichen politischen und sozialen Nebenfolgen (Beispiele: Atomenergie und grüne Gentechnik). Bei systemischen Risiken geht es um den Erhalt und den (notwendigen) Wandel zur Sicherung der Kontinuität menschenwürdiger Lebensbedingungen unter den Bedingungen von Ungewissheit, teils auch Ambiguität. In der diskursiven Bewältigung dieser Risiken sehen sie elementare Verbindungen zwischen der Nachhaltigkeits- und der Risikopolitik.

Die Schweiz ist urban geprägt, das heisst Stadt und Land sind durch starke Personen- und Güterflüsse eng vernetzt: Dieses Netzwerk aus Knoten und Flüssen bildet das urbane System. Die Entwicklung dieses Systems hängt von zahlreichen Faktoren ab. Von den verschiedenen kulturellen, politischen, wirtschaftlichen, räumlichen und ökologischen Einflüssen stellt das Klima nur eine Grösse dar. Wie stark und auf welche Weise sich die erwartete Klimaänderung auf die Siedlungsentwicklung auswirken wird, ist abhängig von der zukünftigen Form des urbanen Systems Schweiz ...

The several studies in Europe and North America exhibited the ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and estrogens in wastewater and in the aquatic environment. Since the major part of PPCPs is only partially eliminated during wastewater treatment, residual amounts are usually present in wastewater effluents and can reach ambient waters or groundwater. Certain pharmaceuticals are persistent and pass through the STP without major elimination, such as the lipid regulator clofibric acid, the antiepileptic carbamazepine or the contrast medium diatrizoate. Additionally, direct inputs into natural waters are also possible through storm water overflow and leakages in the sewer system. (...)

This volume offers an insight into various approaches and methodologies of evaluations in the context of SD. Many themes for research and further activities in the political arena remain open for discussion. In this brief chapter some of these ideas are presented.

In this volume a glance at the current state of the art of evaluating sustainable development policies, programmes and projects (PPP) in Europe is presented. The aim is not to offer an encompassing overview of all the efforts undertaken in this respect, which even within the comparatively short historical time span of these activities would involve screening and analysing a rather sizeable volume of literature. The attempt made and reported here is rather to raise the most significant issues involved when an evaluation project is planned and carried out. The list of such issues to be considered is by no means complete, but only the result of analysing the contributions presented in this volume and the impression gained from the pertinent literature. In the Chapters to follow, these topics are discussed with varying intensity and emphasis depending on the specific focus of the individual contributions. This introductory chapter aims at providing context and a brief overview. In terms of broad categories of issues discussed these were identified as the concept of sustainable development (SD) itself and its operationalization and specification, the role of evaluation in the political processes involved, the referential frame (time, space and so on) as well as the methodological approaches to be considered.

In a collective action, people act together with the intention of producing public goods. Public, or collective, goods are states or objects that benefit the many but only emerge if a sufficient number of persons make contributions. The present study explains de dynamics of participation in collective action campaigns by considering the interaction of different processes. With the resulting model it is possible to determine the optimal combination of diffusion measures for such a campaign. Before using the model for experimenting, we calibrate its parameters using data from a real world collective action. We find this to be a most important step in order to demonstrate that the model can be grounded empirically and to demonstrate the practical usefulness of simulation for consulting and design of real world processes. Finally, some "what if" scenarios reveal the model's power of explanation and prediction.

Sexual reproduction in cyclical parthenogenetic <I>Daphnia</I> (water fleas) might lead to the production of interspecific hybrids. Since sexual reproduction in <I>Daphnia</I> is coupled with diapause, the study of diapause and diapausing eggs can clarify questions related to the frequency of hybrid production, the occurrence and strength of mating barriers, the abundance of hybrids in egg banks, and the likelihood of hybrids to colonize new habitats through diapausing egg dispersal with subsequent hatching. This chapter aims to discuss the processes related to the frequency of hybrid and backcross production within <I>Daphnia</I> hybrid species complexes.

L’économie des eaux inclut toutes les activités humaines ayant trait à l’utilisation et à la protection de l’eau ainsi qu’à la protection contre les dangers de l’eau. Les changements climatiques influent sur ces fonctions de l’économie des eaux du fait qu’ils modifient le cycle hydrologique (cf. chapitre Fondements). Dans le présent chapitre, les effets des changements climatiques sur l’économie des eaux sont traités en détail pour les domaines suivants: - Changements dans les eaux naturelles (lacs, biodiversité, poissons) - Dangers naturels de l’eau (crues, sécheresse) - Offre et besoin en eau (reconstitution des eaux souterraines, besoins en eau potable et en eau industrielle) - Utilisations de l’eau (énergie, navigation sur le Rhin) - Gestion des ressources en eau

Veterinär-Antibiotika werden in der Tierhaltung intensiv eingesetzt. Aufgrund der Stoffeigenschaften dürfte von den Sulfonamiden ein hohes Umweltrisiko ausgehen, doch die Kenntnisse zum Transportverhalten sind lückenhaft. Im Rahmen eine Pilot-Studie auf Grünland wurde die Mobilität von Sulfonamiden (Sulfadimidin, Sulfadiazin, Sulfathiazol) nach einer Gülle-Ausbringung untersucht. Zum Vergleich wurden die Sulfonamide in wässriger Lösung appliziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Gülle nicht nur den Abfluss erhöht, sondern auch den Austrag von Sulfonamiden begünstigt. Sulfadimidin wurde bis 500 μg/L nachgewiesen und lag nach 90 min Beregnungsdauer noch bei 70-100 μg/L. Auf Flächen ohne Gülle wurden rund 10mal niedrigere Konzentrationen bestimmt. Im Porenwasser traten zwar höhere Konzentrationen für alle Sulfonamide auf (Sulfadimidin 60 μg/L), die Wiederfindung war aber deutlich höher als im Abfluss. Sulfadimidin sorbierte ausnahmslos schwächer als Sulfadiazin und Sulfathiazol. Alle Sulfonamide wurden bis 30-50 cm Tiefe präferentiell verlagert. Überraschend war der Nachweis von Acetyl-Sulfadimidin im Porenwasser der Bodenoberfläche, denn in der Gülle konnte der Metabolit nicht quantifiziert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Eigenschaften der Gülle (pH, Matrix) großen Einfluss auf die Verlagerung haben und bei Starkregen ein hohes Risiko für präferentiellen Austrag besteht.

Measuring pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment requires identification and quantification in complex aqueous media (e.g. wastewater) and in different solid matrices (e.g. sludge, sediment, soil, biota) down to the ultra trace level. Hence, analytical techniques have to be specific for the detection of the analytes among a vast majority of other impurities and sensitive enough to enable sufficiently low quantification limits. Analyzing pharmaceuticals can be quite a challenge since many are polar and have a rather low molecular weight. Therefore, sophisticated analytical techniques such as LC/MS/MS or GC/MS/MS after derivatization are needed for correct quantification of pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices. All these challenges make commercial and industrial laboratories often struggle for many months to get an appropriate method. Currently, the number of analytical methods available is increasing but many still need to be developed and especially so for complex matrices such as wastewater or sediments.<br /> (...)<br /> In the following chapters the analytical techniques crucial for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and related polar organic pollutants are introduced and discussed, together with the corresponding mandatory quality assurance. The intention is to give a general overview of the challenges met when analysing these chemically diverse trace compounds in different environmental compartments. A short description of the analytical methods used within POSEIDON is provided at the end of this chapter.

The reduction of the micropollutant emission into the environment is to be achieved by complementing end-of-pipe advanced wastewater treatment steps in centralized municipal plants with measures taken at the source. A significant reduction in terms of consumed quantities as well as in terms of the ecotoxicity of the selected compounds is feasible if the stakeholders can be successfully involved:<br /> • patients and the general public represent the starting point on which a shift of production (i.e. towards more environmentally friendly compounds) as well as legislative issues are based on<br /> • industry is a central player able to influence the pace at which new solutions are introduced on the market<br /> • physicians and health care personnel play a key role in the therapeutic choice as well as in supporting complementary strategies to reduce medical consumption (e.g. hygienic standard in hospitals, empirical vs. targeted therapy)<br /> • legislative authorities are required if solutions are to be implemented beyond voluntary choice (e.g. composition of industrial or hospital wastewater discharged into the sewer)<br /> Ecolabelling may represent a tool to initiate the required public discourse for phasing in of new products or production methods. However, it ought to be substituted or backed up by legislation to achieve broader compliance or general validity. (...)

Braided gravel-bed rivers are widespread in temperate piedmont and mountain-valley areas. In their pristine state, braided rivers are characterized by a shifting mosaic of channels, ponds, bars, and islands, since both flow and flood pulses create a diversity of habitats with fast turnover rates. Large wood has a major role in determining the geomorphology and ecological functioning of these rivers. Braided river habitats are colonized by a diverse fauna and flora adapted to their dynamic nature, including a significant proportion of highly endangered species. Animals exhibit high mobility, short and asynchronic life cycles, and ethological and phenological plasticity. Braided gravelbed rivers also offer various categories of refugia such as shore areas, hypogeic and hyporheic habitats that are pivotal for maintaining diversity in the face of frequent disturbances. Today, however, most gravel-bed rivers bear little resemblance to their highly dynamic natural state due to anthropogenic modifications, and most braided rivers have been converted into incised single-thread channels. Gravel bars and vegetated islands are among the most endangered landscape elements worldwide. They are very sensitive to channelization, gravel extraction, and flow regulation. Therefore, more than for most other ecosystems, restoring braided rivers and their landscape elements means restoring their underlying hydrogeomorphological dynamics.

This study focuses on the in.uence of gas seepage on methane sources and sinks, aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of methane and the mediating microbial organisms in the Black Sea. We present data from two cruises that took place in 2001 and 2003. Seven stations (two from the shelf, four from the upper and lower slope, and one from the central basin) were compared with respect to methane concentration and isotope signature. The stations differed in methane concentration depending on the location on the slope. A strong change in the concentration and isotopic composition of methane was observed below the oxic/anoxic interface, coinciding with increased levels of archaeal biomarkers (archaeol and sn-2-hydroxy-archaeol). Concentration and isotopic composition of methane in the water column and sediments indicate that sediments from the shelf, slope, and deep basin are only minor sources of methane. The main methane sources are seeps located on the shelf and upper slope, but also in the deep basin. The comparison of two shelf stations with and without methane seepage showed a difference in methane concentrations, isotopic composition and oxidation rates, but the presence of similar methanotrophic microbial assemblages. Also two deep stations at a seep and outside of a seep area were compared, but here methane concentrations and oxidation rates were not different from each other. Anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME-1 and ANME-2 group) were observed at both stations with slightly higher cell counts at the seep station.

High-resolution seismic analyses on the sedimentary subsurface of the deep basin of proglacial Lake Bramant (Grandes Rousses Massif, Western French Alps) allowed the detection of a large lens-shaped body with chaotic internal reflections corresponding to a mass wasting deposit (MWD) triggered by the nearby AD 1881 Allemond earthquake (MSK intensity VII). This MWD was only retrieved at the base of a short gravity core and the top of a piston core. Sediments associated with this MWD are remoulded and laminated. Locally, blocks of sediment have preserved the original stratification. This earthquake-induced mass movement is an example of a slide that evolved into a slump. In addition, several Late Holocene turbidite and hyperpycnal deposits related to exceptional flood events were identified using highresolution sedimentological, physical and geochemical analyses. However, the identification of hyperpycnites is sometimes complicated as erosion of the basal sequence can occur during the rising limb of the flood. While the precise dating of the oldest flood event is still ongoing, two flood events are coeval with the St. Sorlin glacier retreat following the end of the “Little Ice Age”, suggesting outbursts of temporary ice contact lakes or subglacial lakes during warmer periods.

This chapter cunsiders the potential for user involvement, focusing specifically on highly dynamic innovation processes and taking into account not only local dynamics of interaction between designers and users but also dynamics on the societal level. It is argued that certain preconditions and assumptions generally presupposed by approaches to user involvement are not necessarily fulfilled, because scenarios of use may change quite radically and because design and use phases proceed side by side not successively. This is shown by analyzing the evolution of scenarios of use guiding the design work of two companies producing software for e-marketplaces as well as the activities of two customers of these companies. The situation found in these case studies can be described as a circle of uncertainties, where neither technologies, user groups nor scenarios of use are a reliable basis for a development process. Starting from this circle of uncertainties, three different design strategies are identified, which imply three different strategies to align technologies and users' needs.

Regarding sustainable development, transition of the built environment is a key issue. The time scale of such a transition comprises a century. In the 20<SUP>th</SUP> century the buildings and infrastructure development in affluent societies showed exponential growth. In the 21<SUP>st</SUP> century various reasons lead to two hypothesises: First the built environment must be transformed to much higher resource efficiency. Second the built environment itself becomes an important source of secondary resources. However, at the beginning of the 21<SUP>st</SUP> century, the material composition of the built environment is not well known. This publication describes a method to explore material stocks in urban systems in order to make these materials available for urban mining. Dynamic modelling of regional material management in urban systems is an integral part of investigation. Modelling is based on knowledge about intrinsic interconnections in the building sector and beyond. For this reason dynamic modelling on a regional scale has to be combined with exploration steps on lower scales, historical investigations and statistical data about urban growth (population, places of work, amount of dwellings/buildings). For practical reasons, a concrete region, Switzerland, is taken as a system boundary. Bulk materials ("main"-substances) such as concrete, respectively gravel, sand and cement, or bricks and tiles are especially emphasized. The same is true for copper, which is taken as an example of "trace"-substances (less than 1 percent by weight of the overall mass of building materials). Due to its challenging dynamic complexity, the whole modelling chapter is exemplified by copper.<BR/><BR/> For the exploration procedure Material Flow Analysis (MFA; Baccini and Brunner 1991, Baccini and Bader 1996) is combined with architectural know how and approaches inspired by geosciences (urban geology). Buildings and infrastructure are the main processes, since they are the main carriers of material stocks within the urban system. Geogenic resources (primary resources) and landfills (potential secondary resources) are split up in organic and inorganic resources and combined in these two processes, both of them with related stocks. In the copper modelling "mobiles" (moveable goods) are introduced as an additional process, in parallel to "buildings" and "infrastructure". "Production and trade" for input and "dismantling" for material output, are both processes without stocks. "Soil and aquatic systems" are defined as a summarising process for dissipative losses e.g. by runoff or abrasion.<BR/><BR/> In order to look at future development options by scenario techniques, the genesis of the present built environment has to be understood. Since the main growth happened within the 20<SUP>th</SUP> century, four intervals are taken as the relevant time periods: 1900–1925, 1926–1950, 1951–1975. 1976–2000. Buildings are grouped into four classes: Single family houses, apartment houses, production- and service-buildings (utility buildings and tertiary sector). Thus the combination of building classes and time periods results in a four by four matrix. For each field of this matrix a virtual building ("arc-house") has to be defined which is typical for the specific building type in the respective time period. Each archouse has a characteristic volume and a characteristic composition. The latter is based on a characteristic construction system and a characteristic layout of rooms. The layout of rooms is quantified by the relation of construction volume to total volume. The amount of arc-houses per period derives from regional or national statistics based on population census and on building insurance data. The combination of material contents which are related to specific construction systems and layouts of rooms with their frequency of occurrence is introduced as "arc-house method". Data collection considers the following components: roof, horizontal-bearing, horizontal-non bearing, vertical-bearing, vertical-non bearing, fundament, building services.<BR/><BR/> Data collection may differ from "main"-substances and "trace"-substances, however material content and frequency of occurrence of the considered performance is a common principle. As shown in Wittmer 2005, this principle may be applied also to the exploration of infrastructure.<BR/><BR/> Calibration is done by production data (e.g. cement production in Switzerland) and national trade statistics (e.g. import and export of copper).<BR/><BR/> First practical examples of urban mining are cited and discussed in chapter 4.<BR/><BR/> The appendix describes in detail the urban growth statistics (appendix A), the arc-house method (appendix B) and the sensitivity of attributes such as layout of rooms and kind of construction system (appendix C).<BR/><BR/> Baccini P., Brunner P.H. 1991. Metabolism of the Anthroposphere. Springer-Verlag, Berlin<BR/> Baccini P., Bader H.-P. 1996. Regionaler Stoffhaushalt. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg<BR/> Wittmer D. 2005. Kupfer im regionalen Ressourcenhaushalt – Ein methodischer Beitrag zur Exploration urbaner Lagerstätten. Dissertation ETH Zürich Nr. 16'325. vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich, Zürich

Technological expectations play a significant role for innovation and the introduction of new technologies in society. These expectations largely appear in the form of a wide variety of future-oriented narratives, e.g. societal visions, scenarios of use or assumptions about socio-technical trends. These narratives guide innovation processes and shape the resulting socio-technical systems, they provide structure and legitimation to innovation actors and they structure the societal debate on new technologies. On the other hand, these narratives are themselves shaped by socio-technical systems that have materialised so far. Expectations are to some extent intentionally deployed by some to attract further actors and resources; but the structuring effect is also a non-intentional effect, when expectations become shared and part of an institutionalized repertoire. Hence, technological expectations are part of the de-facto governance of science and technology. In a first step, the paper gives an overview on the structuring – that is enabling and constraining, co-ordinating and orienting - effect of technological expectations. Then, the paper focuses on the interlocality of expectations, using interlocality in a broad sense. Expectations "travel" between localities, between various levels, between discourses and actor groups and they travel over time. By this they contribute to the co-ordination of actors and activities and, at the same time, they are themselves modified and adapted to local circumstances. Furthermore, they play an important role in the dynamics of expectations. Empirically, these translations and interlinkages are analysed for expectations on new information and communication technologies, which, in the middle of the 1990s, were rising high in different arenas (e.g. policy, business) and at different levels (global, regional).