Département Chimie de l’environnement

Pesticides are used throughout the tropics in large amounts to protect crops against pests and weeds. These chemicals may be lost to the aquatic environment and impair its ecological status and the water quality for human consumption. Despite intensive use of pesticides in many developing countries, the knowledge of pesticide levels in aquatic ecosystems is often very limited. In this study, we try to fill this gap for an horticultural catchment of 35.9 km² in Costa Rica, which is intensively used by small-holder farming for potatoes and vegetable production. We continuously monitored pesticides in the Tapezco river during two consecutive rainy seasons with passive sampling systems and screened for a broad set of polar and non-polar pesticides. Spatially distributed measurements revealed high pesticide concentrations of many fungicides, herbicides and insecticides throughout the watershed. Concentration ranges revealed little spatio-temporal variation. From an ecotoxicological point of view, the insecticide levels - notably chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin - were most critical. The observed concentration levels exceeded chronic environmental quality standards more than 100-fold at all sites. These high insecticide levels were partially reflected in the community composition of the macroinvertebrates. Available data revealed a poor status at two upstream locations according to the Costa Rican Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP-CR) Index and the SPEAR_pesticides index. However, the indices indicated a good quality at most downstream sites despite their high pesticide levels. The wide-spread occurrence of high pesticide levels demonstrated that the relevant sources and pathways existed throughout the catchment. Field observations and survey data showed the relevance of point sources due to poor pesticide handling as well as diffuse losses from fields, which are strongly enhanced by the steep terrain and linear structures like gullies connecting fields with the stream. Mitigation measures to reduce pesticide losses have to account for these different source-flowpath combinations.

In den 50 Jahren ihres Bestehens ermöglichte die Nationale Daueruntersuchung der Fliessgewässer (NADUF), zahlreiche Erfolge von Gewässerschutzmassnahmen in der Schweiz quantitativ zu belegen und Zustandsänderungen aufzuzeigen. Dazu gehören reduzierte Einträge von Phosphat, Schwermetallen oder Stickstoffverbindungen in die Gewässer. In der Zukunft stellen sich beim Monitoring neue Herausforderungen wie die Ermittlung der Einträge von organischen Mikroverunreinigungen oder die durch den Klimawandel induzierten Änderungen im aquatischen Ökosystem.

The acceleration of global climate change draws increasing attention towards interactive effects of temperature and organic contaminants. Many studies reported a higher sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates towards contaminant exposure with increasing or fluctuating temperatures. The hypothesis of this study was that the higher sensitivity of invertebrates is associated with the changes of toxicokinetic processes that determine internal concentrations of contaminants and consequently toxic effects. Therefore, the influence of temperature on toxicokinetic processes and the underlying mechanisms were studied in two key amphipod species (Gammarus pulex and Hyalella azteca). Bioconcentration experiments were carried out at four different temperatures with a mixture of 12 exposure relevant polar organic contaminants. Tissue and medium samples were taken in regular intervals and analysed by online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, toxicokinetic rates were modelled and analysed in dependence of the exposure temperature using the Arrhenius equation. An exponential relationship between toxicokinetic rates versus temperature was observed and could be well depicted by applying the Arrhenius equation. Due to a similar Arrhenius temperature of uptake and elimination rates, the bioconcentration factors of the contaminants were generally constant across the temperature range. Furthermore, the Arrhenius temperature of the toxicokinetic rates and respiration was mostly similar. However, in some cases (citalopram, cyprodinil), the bioconcentration factor appeared to be temperature dependent, which could potentially be explained by the influence of temperature on active uptake mechanisms or biotransformation. The observed temperature effects on toxicokinetics may be particularly relevant in non-equilibrated systems, such as exposure peaks in summer as exemplified by the exposure modelling of a field measured pesticide peak where the internal concentrations increased by up to fourfold along the temperature gradient. The results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of chemical uptake, biotransformation and elimination in different climate scenarios and can improve environmental risk assessment.

Calls for supporting sustainability through more and better research rest on an incomplete understanding of scientific evidence use. We argue that a variety of barriers to a transformative impact of evidence arises from diverse actor motivations within different stages of evidence use. We abductively specify this variety in policy and practice arenas for three actor motivations (truth-seeking, sense-making, and utility-maximizing) and five stages (evidence production, uptake, influence on decisions, effects on sustainability outcomes, and feedback from outcome evaluations). Our interdisciplinary synthesis focuses on the sustainability challenge of reducing environmental and human health risks of agricultural pesticides. It identifies barriers resulting from (1) truth-seekers’ desire to reduce uncertainty that is complicated by evidence gaps, (2) sense-makers’ evidence needs that differ from the type of evidence available, and (3) utility-maximizers’ interests that guide strategic evidence use. We outline context-specific research–policy–practice measures to increase evidence use for sustainable transformation in pesticides and beyond.