Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development

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   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=30343, pid=124)
      originalId => protected30343 (integer)
      authors => protected'Andriessen, N.; Appiah-Effah, E.; Browne, S. J. I.;
          al Jahjah, R.; Kabika, J.; Kinobe, J. R.; Korir, N
         .; Nishimwe, P.; Niwagaba, C. B.; Pradeep, R.; Prasad,&n
         bsp;P.; Tembo, J. M.; William, A.; Ambuehl, B.; Strande,
          L.' (312 chars)
      title => protected'Quantities and qualities of fecal sludge: experiences from field implementat
         ion with a Volaser in 7 countries during a pandemic' (127 chars)
      journal => protected'Frontiers in Water' (18 chars)
      year => protected2023 (integer)
      volume => protected5 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'1130081 (14 pp.)' (16 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'accumulation rate; characteristics; statistical relations; standardized appr
         oaches; distance sensor; fecal sludge' (113 chars)
      description => protected'Reasonable estimates for quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of fecal sludge 
         that accumulate in onsite sanitation containments are fundamental for the de
         sign of appropriate management and treatment solutions, from community to ci
         ty-scale. There are increasing attempts to improve Q&Q estimates, but cu
         rrent approaches are still at a conceptual level, and are not yet standardiz
         ed with confirmed statistical relationships. To reach this level, we will ne
         ed consistent approaches for planning, measuring, and global collaborations.
          Hence, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess and compare Q&Q
          of fecal sludge from seven cities and communities, and explore statistical 
         relationships that could be used to increase accuracy of Q&Q estimations
         ; (2) to test and launch the Volaser device for measuring <em>in situ</em> v
         olumes of fecal sludge; and (3) to capture lessons learned from field implem
         entation with collaborators in seven countries during a global pandemic when
          no international travel was possible. The study took place in Ghana, India,
          Lebanon, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia during the COVID-19 pandem
         ic. Q&amp;Qs were measured in 204 containments with a Volaser, laboratory an
         alysis, and questionnaire. Results indicate that there are differences in To
         tal Solids (TS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in fecal sludge based on co
         ntainment type, toilet type, source, and whether there is a water connection
          on the premises. Based on the results of this study, together with previous
         ly published open-source data, an empirical relationship for Volatile Solids
          (VS) and TS of 0.49 (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.88) was established using 1
         ,206 data points. For COD/TS, no significant relationship was observed. Deve
         loping such empirical relationships will be useful for planning and modeling
          approaches. An external evaluation was conducted to evaluate overall projec
         t management, Volaser technology transfer, and effects of collaborating duri
         ng the COVID-19 pandemic...' (2450 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3389/frwa.2023.1130081' (25 chars)
      uid => protected30343 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected30343 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected30343 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=22150, pid=124)
      originalId => protected22150 (integer)
      authors => protected'Strande,&nbsp;L.; Englund,&nbsp;M.; Andriessen,&nbsp;N.; Carbajal,&nbsp;J.&n
         bsp;P.; Scheidegger,&nbsp;A.' (104 chars)
      title => protected'Estimating quantities and qualities (Q&amp;Q) of faecal sludge at community 
         to city‐wide scales' (97 chars)
      journal => protected'In: Velkushanova,&nbsp;K.; Strande,&nbsp;L.; Ronteltap,&nbsp;M.; Koottatep,&
         nbsp;T.; Brdjanovic,&nbsp;D.; Buckley,&nbsp;C. (Eds.), Methods for faecal sl
         udge analysis' (165 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'115' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'144' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'' (0 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected22150 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected22150 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected22150 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=20400, pid=124)
      originalId => protected20400 (integer)
      authors => protected'Englund,&nbsp;M.; Carbajal,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;P.; Ferré,&nbsp;A.; Bassan,&nbsp;M
         .; Hoai Vu,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;T.; Nguyen,&nbsp;V.&nbsp;A.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (146 chars)
      title => protected'Modelling quantities and qualities (Q&amp;Q) of faecal sludge in Hanoi, Viet
         nam and Kampala, Uganda for improved management solutions' (133 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Environmental Management' (35 chars)
      year => protected2020 (integer)
      volume => protected261 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'110202 (13 pp.)' (15 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'low-income; fecal sludge; sanitation; septage; demographic; wastewater' (70 chars)
      description => protected'The importance of faecal sludge management is gaining recognition. However, 
         methods are still lacking to reasonably estimate the quantities and qualitie
         s (Q&amp;Q) that need to be managed, which makes the planning for and implem
         enting of management solutions quite difficult. The objective of this study 
         was to collect and analyse Q&amp;Q of faecal sludge at a citywide scale, and
          to evaluate whether "SPA-DET" data (=&gt; spatially analysable - demographi
         c, environmental and technical) could then be used as predictors of Q&amp;Q 
         of faecal sludge. 60 field samples and questionnaires from Hanoi and 180 fro
         m Kampala were analysed. Software tools were used in an iterative process to
          predict total solids (TS) and emptying frequency in both Hanoi, Vietnam and
          Kampala, Uganda. City-specific data could be predicted with types of "SPA-D
         ET" data as input variables, and model performance was improved by analysing
          septic tanks and pit latrines separately. Individual models were built for 
         TS concentrations and emptying frequency. In addition, a model was built acr
         oss both cities for emptying frequency of septic tanks based on number of us
         ers and containment volume, indicating predictive models can be relevant for
          multiple cities. Number of users, containment volume, truck volume and inco
         me level were identified as the most common variables for the correction fun
         ction. Results confirm the high intrinsic variability of faecal sludge chara
         cteristics, and illustrate the importance of moving beyond simple reporting 
         of city-wide average values for estimations of Q&amp;Q. The collected data a
         nd developed scripts have been made available for replication in future stud
         ies.' (1676 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0301-4797' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110202' (29 chars)
      uid => protected20400 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected20400 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected20400 (integer)modified
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   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=17728, pid=124)
      originalId => protected17728 (integer)
      authors => protected'Englund,&nbsp;M.; Carbajal,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;P.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (61 chars)
      title => protected'Method to estimate quantities and qualities of faecal sludge' (60 chars)
      journal => protected'Sandec News' (11 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected19 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'8' (1 chars)
      otherpage => protected'9' (1 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'The design of appropriate management and treatment solutions for faecal slud
         ge depends on knowing its quantities and qualities. Previously there has bee
         n no method to determine reasonable estimates of quantities and qualities; h
         owever, Sandec's research is addressing this need.' (278 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'1420-5572' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected17728 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected17728 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected17728 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=17246, pid=124)
      originalId => protected17246 (integer)
      authors => protected'Strande,&nbsp;L.; Schoebitz,&nbsp;L.; Bischoff,&nbsp;F.; Ddiba,&nbsp;D.; Oke
         llo,&nbsp;F.; Englund,&nbsp;M.; Ward,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;J.; Niwagaba,&nbsp;C.&nbs
         p;B.' (156 chars)
      title => protected'Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the 
         design of treatment technologies and management solutions' (133 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Environmental Management' (35 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected223 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'898' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'907' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'accumulation rate; developing country; fecal sludge management; sanitation; 
         quantities and qualities' (100 chars)
      description => protected'Sanitation access in urban areas of low-income countries is provided through
          unstandardized onsite technologies containing accumulated faecal sludge. Th
         e demand for infrastructure to manage faecal sludge is increasing, however, 
         no reliable method exists to estimate total accumulated quantities and quali
         ties (Q&Q) This proposed approach averages out complexities to estimate cond
         itions at a centralized to semi-centralized scale required for management an
         d treatment technology solutions, as opposed to previous approaches evaluati
         ng what happens in individual containments. Empirical data, demographic data
         , and questionnaires were used in Kampala, Uganda to estimate total faecal s
         ludge accumulation in the city, resulting in 270 L/cap∙year for pit latrin
         es and 280 L/cap∙year for septic tanks. Septic tank sludge was more dilute
          than pit latrine sludge, however, public toilet was not a distinguishing fa
         ctor. Non-household sources of sludge represent a significant fraction of th
         e total and have different characteristics than household-level sludge. Inco
         me level, water connection, black water only, solid waste, number of users, 
         containment volume, emptying frequency, and truck size were predictors of sl
         udge quality. Empirical relationships such as a COD:TS of 1.09 ± 0.56 could
          be used for more resource efficient sampling campaigns. Based on this appro
         ach, spatially available demographic, technical and environmental (SPA-DET) 
         data and statistical relationships between parameters could be used to predi
         ct Q&Q of faecal sludge.' (1544 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0301-4797' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.100' (29 chars)
      uid => protected17246 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected17246 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected17246 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   5 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=15563, pid=124)
      originalId => protected15563 (integer)
      authors => protected'Schoebitz,&nbsp;L.; Bischoff,&nbsp;F.; Lohri,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;R.; Niwagaba,&nbs
         p;C.&nbsp;B.; Siber,&nbsp;R.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (122 chars)
      title => protected'GIS analysis and optimisation of faecal sludge logistics at city-wide scale 
         in Kampala, Uganda' (94 chars)
      journal => protected'Sustainability' (14 chars)
      year => protected2017 (integer)
      volume => protected9 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'194 (16 pp.)' (12 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'safely managed sanitation; information and communications technology; collec
         tion and transport; service coverage; faecal sludge management; onsite sanit
         ation; Sub-Saharan Africa' (177 chars)
      description => protected'The majority of residents in low- and middle-income countries are served by 
         onsite sanitation. Equitable access to sanitation, including emptying, colle
         ction, and transport services for the accumulation of faecal sludge remains 
         a major challenge. Comprehensive information on service coverage by mechanic
         al faecal sludge emptying service providers is lacking. The purpose of this 
         study is to analyse the spatial distribution of service coverage and identif
         y areas without faecal sludge emptying services in Kampala, Uganda. The stud
         y uses GIS (geographic information systems) as a tool to analyse real-time d
         ata of service providers based on GPS (global positioning system) units that
          were installed in a representative number of trucks. Of the total recorded 
         5653 emptying events, 27% were located outside Kampala city boundaries. Of t
         hose within Kampala city boundaries, 37% were classified as non-household cu
         stomers. Areas without service provision accounted for 13% of the total area
         . Service provision normalised by population density revealed much greater s
         ervice provision in medium- and high-income areas than low- and very low-inc
         ome areas. The employed method provides a powerful tool to optimise faecal s
         ludge management on a city-wide scale by increasing sustainability of the pl
         anning and decision-making process, increasing access to service provision a
         nd reducing faecal sludge transport times and costs.' (1420 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3390/su9020194' (17 chars)
      uid => protected15563 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected15563 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected15563 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   6 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=11874, pid=124)
      originalId => protected11874 (integer)
      authors => protected'Schoebitz,&nbsp;L.; Bassan,&nbsp;M.; Ferré,&nbsp;A.; Vu,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;H.&nb
         sp;A.; Nguyen,&nbsp;V.&nbsp;A.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (124 chars)
      title => protected'FAQ: faecal sludge quantification and characterization – field trial of me
         thodology in Hanoi, Vietnam' (103 chars)
      journal => protected'In: WEDC conference 37' (22 chars)
      year => protected2014 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'1954 (6 pp.)' (12 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Characterizing and quantifying faecal sludge (FS) at a city-wide scale in lo
         w- and middle-income countries is essential for designing and planning appro
         priate FS treatment facilities. However, there currently is no accurate meth
         odology for the estimation of these values. The FAQ (faecal sludge quantific
         ation and characterization) study developed a methodology, and is validating
          it in Hanoi, Vietnam and Kampala, Uganda. The method utilizes spatially ana
         lysed demographic data as a predictor of FS characteristics. Extensive sampl
         ing has been conducted to field test the presented method. This paper presen
         ts results of collected and analysed secondary data, and preliminary results
          of the TS, VS, COD and SCOD concentrations from household septic tanks in H
         anoi, which were on average 26,471, 19,395, 37,541 and 713 mg/L respectively
         , and ongoing data analysis is being conducted.' (883 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected11874 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected11874 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected11874 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   7 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9545, pid=124)
      originalId => protected9545 (integer)
      authors => protected'Schoebitz,&nbsp;L.; Niwagaba,&nbsp;C.; Francis,&nbsp;O.; Bischoff,&nbsp;F.; 
         Strande,&nbsp;L.' (92 chars)
      title => protected'FAQ: faecal sludge quantification and characterization – Kampala' (66 chars)
      journal => protected'Sandec News' (11 chars)
      year => protected2014 (integer)
      volume => protected15 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'12' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'13' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Through the collaboration between Sandec, Makerere University and the Privat
         e Emptier Association Uganda (PEAU), a new methodology for quantifying and c
         haracterizing faecal sludge on a city-wide scale that was developed by Sande
         c is being field tested in Kampala, Uganda.' (271 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'1420-5572' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected9545 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected9545 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected9545 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   8 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=11868, pid=124)
      originalId => protected11868 (integer)
      authors => protected'Bassan,&nbsp;M.; Tchonda,&nbsp;T.; Yiougo,&nbsp;L.; Zoellig,&nbsp;H.; Mahama
         ne,&nbsp;I.; Mbéguéré,&nbsp;M.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (127 chars)
      title => protected'Characterization of faecal sludge during dry and rainy seasons in Ouagadougo
         u, Burkina Faso' (91 chars)
      journal => protected'In: WEDC conference 36' (22 chars)
      year => protected2013 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'1814 (6 pp.)' (12 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'Faecal sludge (FS) management is a challenging problem in low-income countri
         es where large parts of the urban population rely on onsite sanitation syste
         ms. The design of treatment plants relies on accurate knowledge of FS charac
         teristics, but this information is lacking. The goal of this study, conducte
         d between December 2010 and September 2011, was to determine physical and ch
         emical characteristics of raw FS from collection and transport trucks in 5 d
         ischarge sites in Ouagadougou. Over 100 samples directly collected during tr
         uck discharge were analysed. Analyses included suspended solids, volatile su
         spended solids, total solids, total volatile solids, sludge volume index, ch
         emical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and heavy metals. The FS cha
         racteristics were highly variable, but had similar characteristics for FS co
         llected during the dry and rainy seasons and at different discharge sites. T
         he type of onsite system had an influence on FS characteristics.' (976 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected11868 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected11868 (integer)modified
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      _versionedUid => protected11868 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=22371, pid=124)
      originalId => protected22371 (integer)
      authors => protected'Prasad,&nbsp;P.; Andriessen,&nbsp;N.; Moorthy,&nbsp;A.; Das,&nbsp;A.; Coppen
         s,&nbsp;K.; Pradeep,&nbsp;R.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (122 chars)
      title => protected'Methods for estimating quantities and qualities (Q&amp;Q) of faecal sludge: 
         field evaluation in Sircilla, India' (111 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (56 chars)
      year => protected2021 (integer)
      volume => protected11 (integer)
      issue => protected'3' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'494' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'504' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'accumulation rate; method evaluation; pit latrine; sanitation; septic tank; 
         sludge blanket' (90 chars)
      description => protected'Estimates of accumulated quantities and qualities (Q&amp;Q) of faecal sludge
          are essential for developing city-wide management plans. However, standardi
         zed approaches are lacking, and examples in scientific literature make use o
         f diverse methodologies and parameters, making their comparability and trans
         ferability difficult. This study field-tested an approach for estimating Q&a
         mp;Q in Sircilla, India, and compared three methods for measuring accumulate
         d sludge: (1) faecal sludge accumulation rate from <em>in situ</em> measurem
         ent with a core sampler; (2) faecal sludge accumulation rate with volume emp
         tied by desludging truck; and (3) sludge blanket accumulation rate <em>in si
         tu</em> with a core sampler. Measurements were taken at households and comme
         rcial establishments, samples were analysed for characteristics, and demogra
         phic, environmental, and technical data were collected with a questionnaire.
          The median TS, VS, and COD concentrations for all containments were 26.8, 1
         7.8, and 32.0 g/L, respectively. The median faecal sludge accumulation rate 
         estimated with the core sampler and truck were 53 and 96 L/cap·year, respec
         tively. The median sludge blanket accumulation rate was 17 L/cap·year. Cont
         inued data collection in this fashion will lead to a better understanding of
          what is accumulating in onsite containments at regional levels.' (1356 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2021.269' (24 chars)
      uid => protected22371 (integer)
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