Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development

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      originalId => protected30343 (integer)
      authors => protected'Andriessen, N.; Appiah-Effah, E.; Browne, S. J. I.;
          al Jahjah, R.; Kabika, J.; Kinobe, J. R.; Korir, N
         .; Nishimwe, P.; Niwagaba, C. B.; Pradeep, R.; Prasad,&n
         bsp;P.; Tembo, J. M.; William, A.; Ambuehl, B.; Strande,
          L.' (312 chars)
      title => protected'Quantities and qualities of fecal sludge: experiences from field implementat
         ion with a Volaser in 7 countries during a pandemic' (127 chars)
      journal => protected'Frontiers in Water' (18 chars)
      year => protected2023 (integer)
      volume => protected5 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'1130081 (14 pp.)' (16 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'accumulation rate; characteristics; statistical relations; standardized appr
         oaches; distance sensor; fecal sludge' (113 chars)
      description => protected'Reasonable estimates for quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of fecal sludge 
         that accumulate in onsite sanitation containments are fundamental for the de
         sign of appropriate management and treatment solutions, from community to ci
         ty-scale. There are increasing attempts to improve Q&Q estimates, but cu
         rrent approaches are still at a conceptual level, and are not yet standardiz
         ed with confirmed statistical relationships. To reach this level, we will ne
         ed consistent approaches for planning, measuring, and global collaborations.
          Hence, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess and compare Q&Q
          of fecal sludge from seven cities and communities, and explore statistical 
         relationships that could be used to increase accuracy of Q&Q estimations
         ; (2) to test and launch the Volaser device for measuring <em>in situ</em> v
         olumes of fecal sludge; and (3) to capture lessons learned from field implem
         entation with collaborators in seven countries during a global pandemic when
          no international travel was possible. The study took place in Ghana, India,
          Lebanon, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia during the COVID-19 pandem
         ic. Q&amp;Qs were measured in 204 containments with a Volaser, laboratory an
         alysis, and questionnaire. Results indicate that there are differences in To
         tal Solids (TS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in fecal sludge based on co
         ntainment type, toilet type, source, and whether there is a water connection
          on the premises. Based on the results of this study, together with previous
         ly published open-source data, an empirical relationship for Volatile Solids
          (VS) and TS of 0.49 (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.88) was established using 1
         ,206 data points. For COD/TS, no significant relationship was observed. Deve
         loping such empirical relationships will be useful for planning and modeling
          approaches. An external evaluation was conducted to evaluate overall projec
         t management, Volaser technology transfer, and effects of collaborating duri
         ng the COVID-19 pandemic...' (2450 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'10.3389/frwa.2023.1130081' (25 chars)
      uid => protected30343 (integer)
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      _versionedUid => protected30343 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)