Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development

array(2 items)
   publications => '18906,17656,17658,15049,14040,10427,8194,8240' (45 chars)
   libraryUrl => 'https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/EWM/
      Treatment_Technologies/Keeping_the_trash_out_Elizabeth_Tilley.pdf' (141 chars)

array(8 items)
   0 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=18906, pid=124)
      originalId => protected18906 (integer)
      authors => protected'Andriessen, N.; Ward, B. J.; Strande, L.' (60 chars)
      title => protected'To char or not to char? Review of technologies to produce solid fuels for re
         source recovery from faecal sludge' (110 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (56 chars)
      year => protected2019 (integer)
      volume => protected9 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'210' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'224' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'carbonization; energy recovery; faecal sludge; fecal sludge; onsite sanitati
         on; pyrolysis' (89 chars)
      description => protected'Resource recovery from faecal sludge can take many forms, including as a fue
         l, soil amendment, building material, protein, animal fodder, and water for 
         irrigation. Resource recovery as a solid fuel has been found to have high ma
         rket potential in Sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory- and pilot-scale research o
         n faecal sludge solid fuel production exists, but it is unclear which techno
         logy option is most suitable in which conditions. This review offers an over
         view and critical analysis of the current state of technologies that can pro
         duce a dried or carbonized solid fuel, including drying, pelletizing, hydrot
         hermal carbonization, and slow-pyrolysis. Carbonization alters fuel properti
         es, and in faecal sludge, it concentrates the ash content and decreases the 
         calorific value. Overall, a non-carbonized faecal sludge fuel is recommended
         , unless a carbonized product is specifically required by the combustion tec
         hnology or end user. Carbonized and non-carbonized fuels have distinct chara
         cteristics, and deciding whether to char or not to char is a key judgement i
         n determining the optimal solid fuel technology option. Based on the existin
         g evidence, this review provides a decision-making structure for selecting t
         he optimal technology to produce a faecal sludge solid fuel and identifies t
         he top research needs prior to full-scale implementation.' (1349 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2019.184' (24 chars)
      uid => protected18906 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected18906 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected18906 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   1 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=17656, pid=124)
      originalId => protected17656 (integer)
      authors => protected'Gold, M.; Cunningham, M.; Arnheiter, R.; Schönborn, A.;
          Niwagaba, C.; Strande, L.' (112 chars)
      title => protected'Operating parameters for three resource recovery options from slow-pyrolysis
          of faecal sludge' (93 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (56 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected8 (integer)
      issue => protected'4' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'707' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'717' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'char; pyrolysis; sanitation; treatment; Uganda; wastewater' (58 chars)
      description => protected'Slow-pyrolysis is a treatment technology that is being explored for treatmen
         t of faecal sludge (FS) from onsite sanitation technologies. Next to pathoge
         n inactivation, the technology produces treatment products. Revenues from th
         ese products could offset treatment costs and contribute to financially viab
         le sanitation. In comparison to lignocellulosic biomass and other biowastes,
          little information is available on operating parameters for FS pyrolysis to
          produce char for different resource recovery options. In Kampala, Uganda, t
         his bench-scale study investigated the influence of two major operating para
         meters, hold time (10, 20 and 40 minutes) and pyrolysis temperature (350, 45
         0 and 600 °C) for pyrolysis of FS into char for solid fuel production, soil
          enhancement and carbon sequestration. <em>Hold time</em>: 10 min was the mo
         st suitable hold time for all resource recovery options as char characterist
         ics had only minor variations between hold times. <em>Temperature</em>: Char
          characteristics identified 350 °C as the most suitable for fuel production
          and 450 or 600 °C for carbon sequestration. FS char had characteristics fo
         r soil enhancement comparable to biowaste and lignocellulosic biomass chars,
          with heavy metal concentration exceeding guideline concentrations. The most
          suitable temperature needs to be selected based on plant and soil type, and
          legal regulations.' (1387 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2018.009' (24 chars)
      uid => protected17656 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected17656 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected17656 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   2 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=17658, pid=124)
      originalId => protected17658 (integer)
      authors => protected'Moto,&nbsp;N.; Esanju,&nbsp;M.; Andriessen,&nbsp;N.; Kimwaga,&nbsp;R.; Stran
         de,&nbsp;L.' (87 chars)
      title => protected'Use of chitosan and <em>Moringa oleifera</em> as conditioners for improved d
         ewatering of faecal sludge' (102 chars)
      journal => protected'' (0 chars)
      year => protected2018 (integer)
      volume => protected0 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'(6 pp.)' (7 chars)
      otherpage => protected'' (0 chars)
      categories => protected'' (0 chars)
      description => protected'A pilot-scale dewatering research facility was built in Dar es Salaam, Tanza
         nia, and was used to test chitosan and Moringa oleifera as conditioners to i
         mprove the dewatering of faecal sludge. Laboratory-scale jar tests were firs
         t conducted to determine optimal dosages for the conditioners in faecal slud
         ge samples with varying total solids concentrations. The results for chitosa
         n were 0.5-0.6 mL/gTS, and for Moringa oleifera 5-15mL/gTS. Based on these r
         esults, pilot-scale tests were conducted with chitosan, but the use of Morin
         ga was ruled out as it was too resource intensive. Three loading cycles were
          conducted, and an average of 15.3% reduction in dewatering time was achieve
         d. Based on the laboratory and pilot-scale tests, chitosan is recommended as
          a conditioner for improved FS dewatering performance. It could be employed 
         at full-scale, but still requires jar tests to determine optimal dosing.' (908 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars)
      doi => protected'' (0 chars)
      uid => protected17658 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected17658 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected17658 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=15049, pid=124)
      originalId => protected15049 (integer)
      authors => protected'Gold,&nbsp;M.; Ddiba,&nbsp;D.&nbsp;I.&nbsp;W.; Seck,&nbsp;A.; Sekigongo,&nbs
         p;P.; Diene,&nbsp;A.; Diaw,&nbsp;S.; Niang,&nbsp;S.; Niwagaba,&nbsp;C.; Stra
         nde,&nbsp;L.' (164 chars)
      title => protected'Faecal sludge as a solid industrial fuel: a pilot-scale study' (61 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (56 chars)
      year => protected2017 (integer)
      volume => protected7 (integer)
      issue => protected'2' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'243' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'251' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'co-combustion; fecal sludge management; heavy metals; resource recovery; san
         itation; waste-to-energy' (100 chars)
      description => protected'Revenues from faecal sludge (FS) treatment end products could offset treatme
         nt costs and contribute to financially viable sanitation. In urban sub-Sahar
         an Africa, energy-producing resource recovery has the potential to generate 
         greater revenue than use as soil conditioner. In contrast with wastewater sl
         udge, the technical feasibility of using dried FS as solid fuel in industrie
         s has not been investigated. This study evaluated it through characterizatio
         n of dried FS from drying beds and by assessing the combustion performance i
         n two pilot-scale kilns, in Kampala and Dakar. Results from the fuel charact
         erization demonstrate that dried FS had comparable fuel characteristics as w
         astewater sludge considering calorific value and ash content. The calorific 
         values and ash contents were 10.9–13.4 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) and 47.0–58
         .7%, respectively. Results from pilot-scale experiments suggest that dried F
         S can be effective in providing energy for industries. Temperatures in pilot
         -scale kilns fueled by FS were 800W C, sufficient for curing of clay bricks,
          and 437W C, sufficient for waste oil regeneration. In Kampala and Dakar, an
          estimated 20,000 tons of FS DM per year accumulate. Tapping the industrial 
         fuel market and financial benefits could be realized through optimization of
          onsite sanitation and treatment technologies.' (1338 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2017.089' (24 chars)
      uid => protected15049 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected15049 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected15049 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   4 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=14040, pid=124)
      originalId => protected14040 (integer)
      authors => protected'Gueye,&nbsp;A.; Mbéguéré,&nbsp;M.; Niang,&nbsp;S.; Diop,&nbsp;C.; Strande
         ,&nbsp;L.' (85 chars)
      title => protected'Novel plant species for faecal sludge drying beds: survival, biomass respons
         e and forage quality' (96 chars)
      journal => protected'Ecological Engineering' (22 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected94 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'617' (3 chars)
      otherpage => protected'621' (3 chars)
      categories => protected'planted drying bed; resource recovery; fodder; sub-Saharan Africa; wastewate
         r' (77 chars)
      description => protected'This study investigated the ability of forage plant species that have not pr
         eviously been used in the treatment of faecal sludge to grow in planted dryi
         ng beds. Experiments were conducted in 11 L and 25 L pots with layers of san
         d and gravel to replicate drying beds, and three loading rates (100, 200, 30
         0 kg TS/m<SUP>2</SUP>*year). Plant density with faecal sludge was increased 
         for <I>Echinocloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa pyramidalis, P
         aspalidium geminatum,</I> and <I>Paspalum vaginatum</I> (196, 64, 171, 170 a
         nd 98% respectively), whereas <I>Eleusine indica</I> and <I>Imperata cylindr
         ica</I> had reduced growth with faecal sludge (−21, −80%, respectively).
          Protein, minerals, nutrients and fibers as metrics of forage quality all in
         dicated that the species in these trials improved with growth in faecal slud
         ge drying bed conditions. Different species should be selected based on trea
         tment objectives, for example <I>E. crus-galli</I> had optimal forage produc
         tion characteristics at 200 and 300 kg TS/m<SUP>2</SUP>*year loading rates, 
         whereas <I>P. geminatum</I> and <I>P. vaginatum</I> at 100 and 200 kg TS/m<S
         UP>2</SUP>*year. This study suggested that in addition to <I>E. pyramidalis 
         – E. crus-galli, P. geminatum,</I> and <I>P. vaginatum</I> are also good c
         andidates for treatment of faecal sludge with simultaneous forage production
          to offset treatment costs.' (1395 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0925-8574' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.027' (29 chars)
      uid => protected14040 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected14040 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected14040 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   5 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=10427, pid=124)
      originalId => protected10427 (integer)
      authors => protected'Gold,&nbsp;M.; Dayer,&nbsp;P.; Faye,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;S.; Clair,
         &nbsp;G.; Seck,&nbsp;A.; Niang,&nbsp;S.; Morgenroth,&nbsp;E.; Strande,&nbsp;
         L.' (154 chars)
      title => protected'Locally produced natural conditioners for dewatering of faecal sludge' (69 chars)
      journal => protected'Environmental Technology' (24 chars)
      year => protected2016 (integer)
      volume => protected37 (integer)
      issue => protected'21' (2 chars)
      startpage => protected'1' (1 chars)
      otherpage => protected'13' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'sanitation; developing country; dewatering; coagulation; chitosan' (65 chars)
      description => protected'In urban areas of low-income countries, treatment of faecal sludge (FS) is i
         nsufficient or non-existent. This results in large amounts of FS being dumpe
         d into the environment. Existing treatment technologies for FS, such as sett
         ling-thickening tanks and drying beds, are land intensive which is limiting 
         in urban areas. Enhanced settling and dewatering by conditioning was evaluat
         ed in order to reduce the treatment footprint (or increase treatment capacit
         y). Conventional wastewater conditioners, such as commercially available lim
         e and polymers, are expensive, and commonly rely on complex supply chains fo
         r use in low-income countries. Therefore, the treatment performance of five 
         conditioners which could be produced locally was evaluated: <I>Moringa oleif
         era</I> seeds and press cake, <I>Jatropha curcas</I> seeds, <I>Jatropha Calo
         tropis</I> leaves and chitosan. <I>M. oleifera</I> seeds and press cake, and
          chitosan improved settling and dewatering and had a similar performance com
         pared to lime and polymers. Optimal dosages were 400–500 kg <I>M. oleifera
         </I>/t TS, 300–800 kg lime/t TS and 25–50 kg polymer solution/t TS. In c
         omparison, chitosan required 1.5–3.75 kg/t TS. These dosages are comparabl
         e to those recommended for wastewater (sludge). The results indicate that co
         nditioning of FS can reduce total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent of 
         settling-thickening tanks by 22–81% and reduce dewatering time with drying
          beds by 59–97%. This means that the area of drying beds could be reduced 
         by 59–97% with end-use as soil conditioner, or 9–26% as solid fuel. Leas
         t expensive options and availability will depend on the local context. In Da
         kar, Senegal, chitosan produced from shrimp waste appears to be most promisi
         ng.' (1751 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0959-3330' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1080/09593330.2016.1165293' (29 chars)
      uid => protected10427 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected10427 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected10427 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   6 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=8194, pid=124)
      originalId => protected8194 (integer)
      authors => protected'Seck,&nbsp;A.; Gold,&nbsp;M.; Niang,&nbsp;S.; Mbéguéré,&nbsp;M.; Diop,&nb
         sp;C.; Strande,&nbsp;L.' (99 chars)
      title => protected'Faecal sludge drying beds: increasing drying rates for fuel resource recover
         y in Sub-Saharan Africa' (99 chars)
      journal => protected'Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (56 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected5 (integer)
      issue => protected'1' (1 chars)
      startpage => protected'72' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'80' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'developing countries; faecal sludge management; sanitation; solar drying; wa
         ste to energy' (89 chars)
      description => protected'In urban Sub-Saharan Africa, the collection and transport of faecal sludge (
         FS) typically ends up with FS directly dumped into the urban environment, as
          safe treatment and disposal options are too expensive or non-existent. Reso
         urce recovery from FS treatment, such as dried FS as an industrial fuel, cou
         ld provide a financial incentive to increase access to FS management service
         s. In Dakar, Senegal, enhanced drying to reduce the footprint of drying beds
          for fuel production was evaluated. Greenhouses did not increase drying rate
         s over uncovered beds, however, daily mixing of FS on the surface of the bed
         s resulted in a 6 day reduction to achieve 90% total solids (TS). FS was dri
         ed to 90% TS in 2 weeks for loading rates of 100 kg TS/m<sup>2</sup>*year, a
         nd 3 weeks for 150 kg TS/m<sup>2</sup>*year. The results indicate that with 
         simple but innovative adaptations, footprints of treatment plants could be r
         educed and/or treatment capacities increased by 20%. FS can be adequately dr
         ied in Dakar to produce fuel, meaning 8.25 tons of dried FS could currently 
         be produced daily, contributing 31,403 GJ/year fuel to industries. In additi
         on, this financial incentive could reduce FS that is currently discharged un
         treated to the environment, and provide an additional 116,705 GJ/year.' (1286 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2014.213' (24 chars)
      uid => protected8194 (integer)
      _localizedUid => protected8194 (integer)modified
      _languageUid => protectedNULL
      _versionedUid => protected8194 (integer)modified
      pid => protected124 (integer)
   7 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=8240, pid=124)
      originalId => protected8240 (integer)
      authors => protected'Bischel,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;N.; Özel Duygan,&nbsp;B.&nbsp;D.; Strande,&nbsp;L.; M
         cArdell,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Kohn,&nbsp;T.' (139 chars)
      title => protected'Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South 
         Africa' (82 chars)
      journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars)
      year => protected2015 (integer)
      volume => protected85 (integer)
      issue => protected'' (0 chars)
      startpage => protected'57' (2 chars)
      otherpage => protected'65' (2 chars)
      categories => protected'urine nutrient recovery; health hazards; risk; sustainable sanitation' (69 chars)
      description => protected'In eThekwini, South Africa, the production of agricultural fertilizers from 
         human urine collected from urine-diverting dry toilets is being evaluated at
          a municipality scale as a way to help finance a decentralized, dry sanitati
         on system. The present study aimed to assess a range of human and environmen
         tal health hazards in source-separated urine, which was presumed to be conta
         minated with feces, by evaluating the presence of human pathogens, pharmaceu
         ticals, and an antibiotic resistance gene. Composite urine samples from hous
         eholds enrolled in a urine collection trial were obtained from urine storage
          tanks installed in three regions of eThekwini. Polymerase chain reaction (P
         CR) assays targeted 9 viral and 10 bacterial human pathogens transmitted by 
         the fecal–oral route. The most frequently detected viral pathogens were JC
          polyomavirus, rotavirus, and human adenovirus in 100%, 34% and 31% of sampl
         es, respectively. <I>Aeromonas</I> spp. and <I>Shigella</I> spp. were freque
         ntly detected gram negative bacteria, in 94% and 61% of samples, respectivel
         y. The gram positive bacterium, <I>Clostridium perfringens</I>, which is kno
         wn to survive for extended times in urine, was found in 72% of samples. A sc
         reening of 41 trace organic compounds in the urine facilitated selection of 
         12 priority pharmaceuticals for further evaluation. The antibiotics sulfamet
         hoxazole and trimethoprim, which are frequently prescribed as prophylaxis fo
         r HIV-positive patients, were detected in 95% and 85% of samples, reaching m
         aximum concentrations of 6800 μg/L and 1280 μg/L, respectively. The anti
         retroviral drug emtricitabine was also detected in 40% of urine samples. A s
         ulfonamide antibiotic resistance gene (<I>sul1</I>) was detected in 100% of 
         urine samples. By coupling analysis of pathogens and pharmaceuticals in geog
         raphically dispersed samples in eThekwini, this study reveals a range of hum
         an and environmental health hazards in urine intended for fertilizer product
         ion. Collection of urine...' (2323 chars)
      serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars)
      doi => protected'10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.022' (28 chars)
      uid => protected8240 (integer)
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