Wastewater

The need for better nutrient management has spurred efforts towards more comprehensive recycling of nutrients contained in human excreta to agriculture. Research in this direction has intensified throughout the past years, continuously unfolding new knowledge and technologies. The present review aspires to provide a systematic synthesis of the field by providing an accessible overview of terminology, recovery pathways and treatment options, and products rendered by treatment. Our synthesis suggests that, rather than focusing on a specific recovery pathway or product and on a limited set of nutrients, there is scope for exploring how to maximize nutrient recovery by combining individual pathways and products and including a broader range of nutrients. To this end, finding ways to more effectively share and consolidate knowledge and information on recovery pathways and products would be beneficial. The present review aims to provide a template that aims to facilitate designing human excreta management for maximum nutrient recovery, and that can serve as foundation for organizing and categorizing information for more effective sharing and consolidation.

We present a novel stochastic model for quantifying gross solids (GS) physical disintegration under varying turbulent flow conditions and used a unique experimental setup for model calibration and validation. The stochastic deterioration model predicts faeces size evolution over time. It conceptually entails the two main processes of solid fragmentation, namely breakage and erosion. Model parameters were calibrated on synthetic faeces and validated with real human ones. A cylindrical reactor was used, where turbulent flow was forced by an array of water jets and the physical disintegration of the faeces was monitored using a high speed camera. Image analysis of breakage experiments obtained under backlight illumination allowed determination of the evolution of the solids’ size over time. The flow field in the reactor was characterised by particle image velocimetry (PIV) using tracer particles seeded into the water. We found different disintegration behaviours depending on turbulence intensity and water content of the solid. In conditions of low shear stress, dense solids hardly disintegrated. Generally, the model predictions mirrored the broad range in the solids disintegration rate imparted by the high variability in flow conditions and in solids characteristics. It is expected that, similar to our experiments, also in real sewer systems both flow conditions and solid characteristics are highly variable and the stochastic model can be tailored to capture this variability. We thus anticipate that the model can be integrated into existing sewer models predicting sewer flows and solids’ movement. From these, shear stress, flow velocities and transport of individual solids can be inferred. The integration of the present solids disintegration model may provide better predictions of hot-spots for solids accumulation and blockages in sewers.

Long-term human Space missions depend on regenerative life support systems (RLSS) to produce food, water and oxygen from waste and metabolic products. Microbial biotechnology is efficient for nitrogen conversion, with nitrate or nitrogen gas as desirable products. A prerequisite to bioreactor operation in Space is the feasibility to reactivate cells exposed to microgravity and radiation. In this study, microorganisms capable of essential nitrogen cycle conversions were sent on a 44-days FOTON-M4 flight to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and exposed to 10⁻³–10⁻⁴ g (gravitational constant) and 687 ± 170 µGy (Gray) d⁻¹ (20 ± 4 °C), about the double of the radiation prevailing in the International Space Station (ISS). After return to Earth, axenic cultures, defined and reactor communities of ureolytic bacteria, ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria, denitrifiers and anammox bacteria could all be reactivated. Space exposure generally yielded similar or even higher nitrogen conversion rates as terrestrial preservation at a similar temperature, while terrestrial storage at 4 °C mostly resulted in the highest rates. Refrigerated Space exposure is proposed as a strategy to maximize the reactivation potential. For the first time, the combined potential of ureolysis, nitritation, nitratation, denitrification (nitrate reducing activity) and anammox is demonstrated as key enabler for resource recovery in human Space exploration.

Investigation of various phenomena occurring in sewer systems is critical for increasing the sustainability of such systems. Such investigations also includes gross solids (GS) transport. GS transport may be affected by reduction of flows resulting from population decrease and/or reduced domestic water consumption. The present paper reports on the development of a model for describing GS velocity as a function of wastewater flow characteristics. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiments, in which two methods for GS tracking in sewers were developed, using small light sticks tracked by computerized light detector, and RFID based tracking. The model is integrated in a simulator which allows a description of the movement of individual GS through sewer systems. The developed model may assist in analysing existing sewer systems that are subject to changes in their input flows and prevent undesired failures (e.g. sedimentations, blockages, toxic gases) or in designing new systems.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are implicated as hotspots for the dissemination of antibacterial resistance into the environment. However, the in situ processes governing removal, persistence, and evolution of resistance genes during wastewater treatment remain poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to achieve a broad-spectrum view of the flow and expression of genes related to antibacterial resistance to over 20 classes of antibiotics, 65 biocides, and 22 metals. All compartments of 12 WWTPs share persistent resistance genes with detectable transcriptional activities that were comparatively higher in the secondary effluent, where mobility genes also show higher relative abundance and expression ratios. The richness and abundance of resistance genes vary greatly across metagenomes from different treatment compartments, and their relative and absolute abundances correlate with bacterial community composition and biomass concentration. No strong drivers of resistome composition could be identified among the chemical stressors analyzed, although the sub-inhibitory concentration (hundreds of ng/L) of macrolide antibiotics in wastewater correlates with macrolide and vancomycin resistance genes. Contig-based analysis shows considerable co-localization between resistance and mobility genes and implies a history of substantial horizontal resistance transfer involving human bacterial pathogens. Based on these findings, we propose future inclusion of mobility incidence (M%) and host pathogenicity of antibiotic resistance genes in their quantitative health risk ranking models with an ultimate goal to assess the biological significance of wastewater resistomes with regard to disease control in humans or domestic livestock.

Noch liegen in der Schweiz erst wenige grosstechnische Erfahrungen mit den Technologien zur Elimination organischer Spurenstoffe auf Abwasserreinigungsanlagen vor. Deswegen wurde 2012 die Plattform «Verfahrenstechnik Mikroverunreinigungen» gegründet und innerhalb des Verbands der Schweizer Abwasser- und Gewässerschutzfachleute (VSA) angesiedelt. Sie soll helfen, Wissen aufzubauen, den Austausch unter den Akteuren zu fördern sowie offene Fragen zu bearbeiten.

Auf einer durchschnittlichen Kläranlage werden Tausende Signale aufgezeichnet. Ihr Potenzial für einen besseren Anlagebetrieb ist beachtlich. Dennoch werden sie selten systematisch genutzt und ausgewertet. Dank einer spezialisierten Software ist es jetzt möglich, eine Anlage und ihre Prozesse schneller und besser zu verstehen, zu überwachen und zu optimieren.

Ist eine ressourcenschonende Abwasserreinigung durch Abwassertrennung und Dezentralisierung realistisch? Rund 40 international bekannte Wissenschafter und Wissenschafterinnen behandeln auf 520 Seiten in einem 2013 erschienenen Buch nuanciert diese Fragestellung. Die Editoren der Eawag diskutieren das Thema des Buches im Schweizer Kontext.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) reduces the amount of waste and generates products of value, such as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate. Contrary to the wide dissemination of digesters in rural areas where animal manure is used as feedstock and despite its apparent potential, AD still plays a negligible role as a treatment option for organic kitchen and market waste in cities of low-and middle-income countries.
This book compiles existing and recently generated knowledge on AD of urban biowaste at small and medium scale with special consideration given to the conditions prevailing in developing countries. Written for actors working in the waste and renewable energy sector, the book is divided into two parts: Part 1 focuses on practical information related to the AD supply chain (substrate-, process-, and product chain), and Part 2 presents selected case studies from around the world.